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Frontispifcc.
PLATE
STATUE OF SENUSRIT III. British IHuseiiiit.
THE XIth dynasty TEMPLE
AT
DEIR EL-BAHARI
PAET III.
BY
EDOUARD NAVILLE
Hon. D.C.L., LL.D., Ph.D., Litt.D., Hon. P.S.A.
COUBBSPONDENT OP THK INSTITUTE OP FRANCE; FOREIGN MEMBER OF THE HUNGARIAN ACADEMY OP SCIENCE;
FELLOW OP king's COLLEGE, LONDON; PROFESSOR OF EGYrTOLOGY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF GENEVA
AND
il. R. HALL, M.A., F.S.A.
ASSISTANT IN THE DEI-AIITMENT OF EGYrTIAN AND ASSYRIAN ANTIQUITIES, lllllTlSH MUSEUM
WITH AN APPENDIX IJY
C. T. CURRELLY, M.A.
THE ROYAL ONTARIO MUSEUM, TORONTO
THIRTY-SECOND MEMOIR OF
THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND
PUBLISHED BY OIWER OF THE COMMITTEE
LONDON
SOLD AT
The offices OF THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND, 37, Gkeat Russell Street, W.C.
AND 027, Tremont Temple, Boston, Mass., U.S.A.
ALSO BY KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & CO., Broadway House, 68-74, Carter Lane, E.C.
B QUARITCH, 11, Grafton Street, New Bond Street, W. ; ASHER & CO., U, Bedford Street, Covrnt Garden, W.C, and
C6,Unter den Linden, Berlin; and HENRY FROWDE, Amen Corner, E.C, and 29-35, West 32nd Street, New York.U.S.A-
1913
I.lv
1 I I
t:.
\c\'
<!
Jirte Arts
' 9+. 3
KRT?ATUI\I.
Tlio nolo at. foot of (.■oliiinii 1 pni,'0 IS should i e:i(l as follows : —
' A fia<,'ineiit sliowini; .-i hird llyini,' amour; tamarisks (IJ.ISI., no. 40973) is sii<,'gcstive of the K^^yptizing (Jcsif,'ns of birds among rends from Phylakoj)! in Melos. B.U., DOS. 4097;") — 7 show typical polychrome l■ellr(^sentatioIls of flowers. On no. 40978 .spots of the uncommon colour green occui-.
EGYPT EXPLOBATION FUND
president
Tnio Rt. Hon. Tmk EARL OP CROMER, G.C.B., O.M., G.C.M.G., K. C.S.I.
Dicc=lPrcsi&cnt£
Field-Marshal Lord Grenpell, G.C.B.,
G.C.M.G., etc. The Rev. Prof. A. IL Sayce, M.A.,
LL.D. Sir R G. Kenyon, K.C.B., D.Litfc., F.B.A. The IIon'. Chas. L. Hutchinson (U.S.A.)
Prof. \Vall.\ce N. Stearns, Pli.D. (U.S.A.) Prof. Sir Gaston Maspero, K.C.M.G., D.C.L.
(France) Prof. Ad. Erman, Ph.D. (Germany) Prof. Edouard Naville, D.C.L., etc.
(Switzerland)
1f3on. ^Treasurers
J. Grafton Milne, Esq., M.A. Chester I. CAMPiiELL, Esq. (U.S.A.)
1[3on. Secretaries
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/IDcmbers of Commtttec
Somers Clarke, Esq., F.S.A. Newton Crane, Esq. (U.S.A.) Sir Arthur John Evans, M.A., D.Litt.,
F.E.S. Alan H. Gardiner, Esq., D.Litt. Prof. Ernest A. Gardner, M.A. F. Ll. Griffith, Esq., M.A., F.S.A. H. A. Grueber, Esq., F.S.A. H. R. Hall, Esq., M.A., F.S.A. The Rev. Arthur Cayley IIeadlam,
D.D. D. G. Hogarth, Esq., M.A., F.B.A., F.S.A.
F. Legge, Esq., F.S.A.
Captain H. G. Lyons, F.R.S.
Prof. Alexander Macalister, M.D.
Mrs. McClure.
The Rev. \V. MacGregor, M.A.
Robert Mond, Esq., F.E.S.E.
The Marquess op Northampton, K.G.
Francis Wm. Pebcival, Esq., M.A., F.S.A.
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E. TowRY Whyte, Esq., M.A., F.S.A.
I.oMiiis :
I'UINTED BV WII.l.IAM CLIlWKS AND SONS, LIMITKn, IlUKE STUKKT, STAMKOKb STKKKT, S.E., ANII GKKAT WIND.MIM. STIIEET,
PREFACE.
This volume, a joiut work of Mi: Hall aud myself, is tlic last of the pulilicatioiis of the Fund on the two temples of Dcir el-Bahari.
It deals chiefly with monuments which, except the tomb of Kemsit, are no part of the construction of the Xlth Dynasty. They are votive statues and steles dedicated in the temple to Amon or llathor, or small ol>jects deposited in the tombs. We couhl n(jt have left them aside if we wished the iiublication to be complete.
Tiie appendix written Ijy Mr. Currelly is a description of the beads and porcelain ware discovered during the last excavations. Mr. ('urrelly also made a tracing of the fresco in the tomb of Kemsit, which was re-drawn l)y Mme. Navillc, to wliom we are indebted also for the linear plates of inscriptions.
The last plate, made from a fine photograph Ijy Mr. Burton, gives a bird's-eye view of the two temples, and of what has been the work of the ollicers of the Fund during ten campaigns of excavation. For travellers Deir el-Bahari has become, and will remain, one of the chief attracti(jns at Theljes. Tourists may judge there what our lab(Hir has been, and subscribers will see how their money has l)eeu spent. Those who know Deir el-Bahari only through the publications can appreciate its value for history, religion, an<l art.
AVith this volume the present writer bids farewell to Deir el-Bahari, where he started the work alone in the winter of 189.3, and where, assisted ])y various friends and fellow-w(jrkers, he directed all the successive campaigns of excavation down to the spring of 1907, when the clearing of the small temple was finished.
EDOUARD NAVILLE. Genkva, JdiiiKiri/, 1913.
CONTENTS
CiiArTKR 1. TnK VoTivK, I\IonuiM1<;nts. I'.v I'jDouakd Navilmc ....
Chai'Tkk Jl. The Paintings in tjik Tomi; ok Kk.msit. Bv Im)()iiari) Navili.k .
LJiiAiTEH lir. The vStatues of Senu,si;it 111. Bv II. R. 11am, ....
CuAi'TER IV. The Smaller Oiuects. By 11. 11. Hall ......
Chaiteh V. Desurh'TION of Till-; BL-vrEs. By Edouard Naville and 11. R. Hall
rAGB
1
9 10 13 ":9.
Ai'1'Enj>ix. Tjie Small Antiquities illustrated on Blate-s XXX. — XXXI 11.
By C. T. Currelly 28
Index .
35
THE XIth dynasty TEMPLE AT
DEIE EL-BAHAEI.
PART III.
CHAPTEPt I.
THE VOTIVE MONUMENTS. By Edouard Navillk.
In the temple of the XIth Dynasty there was a considerable number of votive statues. A few were preserved in the rubbish, but they arc generally very much broken, and the quantity of chips found shows that there had been many more. It is evident that they were smashed intentionally, cither when the temple was used as a quarry, (jr when the Copts built their convent close by.
Tlicse statues belong to the XVIIIth, the XlXth, and the beginning of the XXth Dynasty. Later on the temple was neglected, as well as its larger neighbour. Probably the worship of the eods and the kinsrs was abandoned when the two sanctuaries became burial-places, and when families of embalmers settled in the porticoes. As for the old building of Mentuhetep it certainly was already a quarry at the end of the XXth Dynasty. No more votive monuments were brought to its derelict sanctuary.
The inscriptions show that these monuments were consecrated to Anion and Hathor. Those of the priests of Hathor, of " the golden cow," are more interesting than the prayers to Anion which contain the ordinary formulas. Hathor is generally called the goddess of the mountain.
though she also goes to the river, and conies out of it.
The place where the temple is built is called
^>, n A.stdkhuit : this is its original name.
When the large temple was built it is said that
the (j[ucen raised it in n ^^ ^ ^ ® I'' " ^^'^
Astakhuit of the old time."
We now proceed to give the translations of most of the statues or stelae, beginning with those dedicated to Anion alone or to both divinities, leaving those of the Hathor priests for the end, and omitting the inscriptions which are mere repetitions.
Pis. IV. 1, VIII.F, <i, /', r, (I. Headless statue in granite, of a scribe named Teta, unrolling a papyrus on his knees. To his left hand is tied a little saucer on which are grains of frankincense ° "^^^ °°- ^ would attribute this monument to the XVIIIth Dynasty. It is very like the two scribes found at Bubastis, of the time of Ameuophis III.^ It seems to me one of the
1 Dcir cl-Bahari, I., PI. xxii.
■^ Bnhastis, Pis. xxv., xxxv., p. 32.
THE XIth dynasty TEMPLE AT DEIR EL-BAHARI.
most ancient monuments of the New Empire
that we liave discovered here. Ti-ta \\ ^
was connected with tlie law ; he was a lawyer. On his knees we read thi.s: —
" The executing the laws, estal)lishing the com- mands, making known to all the dignities their duties and conditions, in the temple of Amon and the holy horizon of llathor, the queen of the mountain — very firmly — by the head artist of Amon, the official Teta."
We learn from this inscription that the special sanctuary of llathor is called " the holy horizon " %^
On the base is written : " May a royal offering be given to Amon-Ra Ilarmakhis, llathor the lady of Mannu, who resides in her holy horizon. May they give all that appears on their table every day, lilmtions of wine and milk, and incense in every season. llathor, lady of Astakhuit, give me the victuals ordered for thee like those of the very ancient god.s."'
Before the legs : " For the ka of the chief of the abode in the house of the furniture (?), en- trusted with all the works, the official Teta, living again."
Pis. IV. 2, VIII. B, a, h. Kneeling statue in sandstone, painted red. The man holds a stele on which is a hymn to Amon.
" Praising Ra, when he rises, and brings the morning, being the spirit of the East, by the royal scribe, the royal architect (?), the chief of Memphis Jifenkheper. He says : Homage to thee who shinest on the horizon, whose forms are lofty, the hawk, the lord of the sky, the creator who gave birth to himself, who comes out of Nu and rises on the earth, the very marvellous, whose essence is lioly, who created mankind and causeth them to live, the master of the oar who wields it every day, tlie veneral)le god who is •seen by his rays."
Lit., gods of the Firsit Creation.
Below are the usual sentences : —
" A royal offering to Amon-Ra, that he [the deceased] may see his face every time he rises in all his festivals, and every day ; for the royal scribe Menkheper."
" A royal offering to Osiris, the great god, the prince of the living. May he give [the deceased] to appear as a living spirit," to see the solar di.sk, and to look at the moon ; this is for the chief . . ."
Pis. IV. 3, VIII. A. A .small crouching statue in black granite : the head is lost.
"A royal offering to Amon Ra, the king of the gods in Astakhuit, to llathor the lady of the mountain, to Osiris the eternal ruler. May they give a funerary meal, beef, geese, garments, incense, scents, oil, vegetables, all things good and pure of which a god liveth, and to bi'cathe the pleasant wind of the North, for the scribe of the holy offerings of Amon, Aahines called Paten ; said Ijy his son, who revives his name, the scribe of the divine offerings of Amon, Amenemhel)."
The same inscription is found on a small statue (PI. V. 1), which, although having a name of the Xllth Dynasty, certainly belongs to the
XVIIIth; it is ^^^'^^HJr^^^^Q
1 i I V ^ ^ — iSiii I +¥ H — ^ .M^ o 1 y J-
Though the statue is small tlic man who dedi- cated it held high offices, since he was hereditary prince, chancellor, first prophet of Amon, and chief of all the prophets of Egypt. His name Amenemhat occurs sometimes in the XVIIIth Dynasty.
PI. IX. D, a, li. These votive statues arc very like each other, with only slight variants ; for instance, here tlie deceased asks that his statue may remain in Astakhuit. He is a mere attendant of the king without any important office : " the favourite of the king, who fills his heart, the attendant Ainenhetep."
'^ A bird \vith a humau head.
THE VOTIVE MONUMENTS.
Wc sec from a fracjinent that he owes his
statue to his grandson, %s^/ww«
PI. IX.E. Small limestone statue. The man was ^ ^^"^i which is now translated "vizier."
Adkliejyer- Ra-seneh, called Pauah. Ilis first name seems to indicate that he was born and lived under one of the first two Tliothmes.
PI. X.c, a-f. Lower part of a limestone statue. The man was called Turn o v^ n vA , and seems
to have been a very high dignitary.
" Homage to Osiris by the royal sou, the chief of the land [of the South] . . . Tura. Homage to thee, Osiris . . . the lord in Dudu . . . the prince, the eternal ruler, grant me to go in and out, lead ... by his son who revives his name, the scribe of the holy ofl'erings of Amon."
On the other side, his son who revives his name is called Paten. Besides the usual formulas, we see that Tura was seiner uat, " the only or the first friend," an office which is not well explained, and " that he filled the heart of the king, because of his excellence."
He seems to have been connected with the MadjaJu, the foreigners who became a guard of mercenaries. Other fragments say that he was " not faithless," and that he " did not destroy "
There is a mention also of somethins;
made of gold.
PL XI. A. A squatting statue had been dedi- cated to a famous man Nehi. It is now headless and very much injured. Nehi is well known by various inscriptions of Thothmes III. at Semneh, where he helped to restore the temple, and at Wadi Haifa. He is often called " royal son of Kush," which means viceroy of the country south of the first cataract. Here he is styled only : "The royal son, governor of the countries of the South." The inscription on the left side is very much destroyed ; on the right we read :
" A royal offering to Amon Ra, king of the gods, the lord of the sky, and to Hathor, the
lady of Anit, who resides in the western mountain. May they grant bliss, might, victory, that he may enter the Duat and its dwellings (?), inhale frankincense which is ofl'ered before them, to the royal son, the governor of the lands of the South, Nehi."
Two cartouches of Thothmes III. are on the shoulders.
Pis. VI. 1, VIII.E. A broken fragment of a funerary stele (Pt. I., p. 24, n. l), which is not older than the XlXth Dynasty, judging from the costume of the deceased and his wife, who are represented below in the attitude of prayer. It is unfortunate that so little is preserved of this inscription. The gods were proljably above in the part which is left.
In the horizontal lines the deceased addresses the passers by.
" Usihat says, ' Hail, priests, choachytes
you will bequeath your dignities to your
children if you say ' "
In the vertical columns Usihat makes his own
eulogy, and speaks of his employments : "
he was truthful the scribe, the accountant
of all f>ood thintrs in the house of Neh-nia-Ra
(Amenophis III.), the first proplict in
the house of lla-neb-khepera (Tutankhamou).
Usihat, he says: I was silent beloved,
kind-hearted, with choice language. I rejoiced
fraud. I walked in his path. I have
not transgressed in it ; my heart was full of my god, and he answered me. Said by the scribe Usihat, who lives again, and his sister the lady, the musician of Hathor, and the singer of Amon, Nefertari, who lives again." ^
I believe this is the first occasion we find mention of the house of Tutankhamou, probably his tomb or his funerary temple, as well as that of Amenophis III. The deceased Usihat was an official attached to the funerary service of these monarchs.
' I Ml- I consider this .is a variant of | T"-
V. 2
THE XlTii DYNASTY TEMPLE AT DEIR EL-BAHARI.
Pis. V. 2, VIII.D, a~c. Lower puit of a small staircase, on the top of which probably stood a statue. There are only a few words left. On the right : " his ears hear things pleasant to
gods and men," and on the line below, "
the elder artist of Ilathor of the house of IMait, on the west of Thebes."
Pis. VI. 2, VIII.c, a-i: A granite stele,' the lower part of which is broken ofl'. It is a scene of adoration to various gods. It probably stood before the statue of Anion.
The god to whom it is dedicated is Anion, in his residence of Apet. He is sitting ; behind him is " Mut, the lady of the sky, the mistress of the land," and " Khonsu Neferhotep." The divinities who worship him are standing in two rows. Above, " Min of Koptos, the lord of the sky, Isis, the lord of Shmun (Thoth), Shu, and Hathor" issuing from her mountain. Below, Unnofris of the West, Horus, vVmut (Anubis), Hathor, the divine daughter of Dad (Osiris), who may Ijc the jackal-headed god, and Nephthys. The figure of the deceased does not appear any- where ; he was probalily on the lower part of the stele.
"The beloved of his god, the head of the draughtsmen of Anion, Didiuia, the son of the draughtsman of Anion, Jfataai, speaks thus : Hail, Anion, lord of lords, the creator, who was born of himself, lord of the thrones of the two lands, king of the gods, the Ani of Thebes. Grant me to be well-pleasing before thee.
" Hail, Ra, creator of mankind, mother and father of all men, shining on them every day, grant that I may see thee eternally every day without ceasing.
"Hail, Turn, who resideth in On, the lord of forms, in all the places he likes, the great god, the first-born, the creator, when he wanders
' This stele was funnel thrown into the- shaft of an Xlth Dynasty tomb {Dcir el-Bahari, Xlth Dyn., I., p. 4.5). It is now in the British Museum (no. 700).
away it is not known where he is. Grant that I may be joined to thy favourites.
" Hail, Shu, Khonsu Neferhotep, who is high on his pedestal, who was at the beginning, the chief who is in Hatha, may he give nic food and victuals while I am on earth.
"Hail, Tefnut, daughter of Ra, the mother, the queen of the two lands, hidden and con- cealed so that nobody may know it, queen of all the gods, who gives life, health and strength, old age with her benevolence, to all her servants.
" Hail, Qeb, the father of the gods, who gave birth to all beings, the only one, the divine, who hides himself, who makes his cliildren as masters of what he has done. May he give me to be buried in this land for ever, and that I may have rest."
There the stele is broken oft".
Right .side of the band around the stele. "A royal ottering to Osiris, Unnofris, Horus, ]\Iin, Isis, Hathor of Djeser, on the west of her terrace. May they grant that I go in and out, that I may not be repulsed at any gate."
Left. " A royal ofi"ering to Anion, lord of the thrones of the two lands, ]\[ut of A.sher, Khonsu of Thebes, Neferhotep, Thoth of Shmun, Anubis, Shu, son of Ra. May they give me life, health and strength, that my name may remain in this temple. It is for "
There are texts also on the thickness of the stele. On the left side there has been an erasure : a cartouche has been destroyed.
Left side. " Hail, prophets, priests, choachytes, and every scribe who is learned in writing ; if you read this stele of Anion of Apet, if you will please the lords of eternity, and bequeath your dignities to your children after "
Right. " Whosoever makes libations before this image of Anion of Apet, and his cycle of gods, you will receive oft'erings in the house of Anion, and ftowers in the temple of Mut and Khonsu, your words will l)e heard in On, and re-echoed at Thebes."
THE VOTIVE MONUMENTS.
Pis. VI. .3, IX.F. Of this group in limestone hardly anything is left except names. The man was connected with the worship of Mentuhetep. We sec the names of his daughters, Udja, Nch- fds/mrciii/ia, Adhhotcp. Ilis sons are called Aiihiacs and AniencniJich. These names clearly point to the XVIIIth Dynasty.
]'l.s. VII. 1, XI. IJ, (I, h. Fragments of a pyra- midiou engraved with great carelessness. The man for whom it was made seems to have been called Dhufi Thoth. He was probably connected with the worship of Mentuhetep, whose cartouche
is mentioned with the rare spelling, O ^^37 | , which confirms the reading hcjief for the sign 1, and which is found in the Abbott Papyrus.
Pis. IV. 4, X.1J, c. Among the most impor- tant monuments are two statues of different size. They were nearly complete when discovered. Unfortunately the head of the larger one was stolen from us, and seen afterwards in the shop of a dealer in Cairo, but could not be recovered. The photographs of PI. IV. are of the smaller one, now in the British Museum (no. G87) ; the larger one is at Philadelphia.* They both are images of a high official, known by a great number of monuments, and whose tomb had already been discovered by Lepsius.^ His name
is A^ ra Yl ' which, as the variants teach us, is to be read Paiscru. He was one of those officials whose title is translated " vizier," of which there .seems to have been only one at this time in Egypt. At the same time he was "chief justice," -^ ^. and ^, " head of the South."
The numerous monuments on which Paiseru is mentioned give us a long list of his titles,' some of which are his employments, while others arc only flattering epithets. Nevertheless
> Beir el-Bahari, Xlth Di/ua.sti/, I., p. .33.
2 Denkmdlcr, III., 132.
'■' A. Wkill, Die Vczicrc dcs I'liaraoiicnrcichcn, p. 80.
there is one which had n(jt been found before, 1 \/ J\ '■^^■^ °==s 0(1 ^ 2Z3 ^ " the royal messenger of the Nortli wind." This is very similar to one whicli belouiis to another vizier, I \J ~w>aa IZU i Vi I ,'' " the royal messenger of the pleasant
Ijreath." The meaning is identical, for in- numerable inscriptions speak to us of " tlic pleasant breath of the North."
Paiseru died under Rameses II., but he had lived and received his first employments under Seti I., as we know from his tomb. The inscrip- tions on liis statues are either prayers to the gods or eulogies of his virtues and his merits, as is usually the case with funerary inscriptions.
We begin with the larger statue.
In front (PL X.B, r) :—
" the divine father, the divine attend- ant (?), whose mouth gives pleasure to the whole land. The cars of his lord are filled with truth. He is rejoiced by what comes out of his [Paiseru's] mouth ; the governor of the city, the vizier Paiseru."
Back of the statue (PI. X.B, c) : " IMay a royal
offering be made to Anion Pa they swear
by thee. Thou art the only (jne who liveth on truth, who provides the necessaries to the living. He is prosperous, he who pleaseth thee, no evil
reacheth him. I am thy son of the house.
I was born on thy floor, and all thy designs remain in my heart. I shall not oppose them. The txods bee; life from thee like the servants and the high ones. Give me that this day may be better than yesterday. Grant me thy be- nevolence, and peace, as to a servant who is pleasant to his master. This is for the ka of the hereditary prince in the house of Qeb, the ■sem in the royal house, the only well doing, the head of the officials, the chief of the great ones of the palace. He arrives in heaven to see what tliere is therein. He is tlie initiated priest of the two goddesses. He is pure and perfect. The work
* A. Weill, l.L, p. 89.
THE XlTH DYNASTY TEMPLE AT DEIR EL-13AHAEI.
of his hands is pure. It is not ignored on earth liow pleasant his voice was, where he made the sacred ofterings, and propitiated the gods with abundance. He is the first prophet of Uerthiket, who carries the standard on the right of the king/ the royal herald who knows when to speak,^ the messenger of the North wind, the director of the festival of Anion, tlie chief of the works in Astmait,^ to whom the West of Thebes was bequeathed wlien he was still in the womb of his mother, the governor of the city, the vizier Paiseru."
Right side (b, (?) : " of the city, the
vizier Paiseru speaks thus : ' 0 ye prophets and priests of Astakhuit, and all scribes learned in writing, who please Anion Ra, bring offer- ings before me, stretch your hands your
names likewise, after an advanced old age.'"
Left side (b, (/) : " to thee, my limbs
are pure, thy teaching is within me. I know thee. Thou art greater than the gods. I am acting according to thy will. Give me a dura- tion of a happy life, that no evil may befall me, and grant me the West of Thebes as to the lord of truth."
Under the sceptre are the cartouches of Rameses II.
PI. X.c. Small statue. In front (o, li) : — " The hereditary prince, the chief justice, the truthful who hates falsehood, the chief of the South, the prophet of ]\[ait, the liead of the attendants of the lord of the two lands, the governor of the city, the vizier Paiseru."
Back (c, (/) : " May a royal offering be made to Amon Ra, Tuni, Ilorus, Khepera, the spirit of the West (Osiris), the master of gods and god-
' This may lie written in various ways, ^ J
\\ ^^w« (unpublished fragment),
^
— fl I /www
•I
(Weill, l.L, p. 05), "i'^ ^ ('''■> P- 9")-
- Lit., who knows the abode of Ills mouth. ^ The necropolis at Thebes.
desses, the lord of lords, the king of the cycle of the gods, the father of fathers, the mother of mothers, the ruler in the sky, on the earth, and in the Duat. Old age is completely in thy hand,*
give me a l)urial near thee, grant me
forms before thee like the lord of truth.
May I receive loaves at the appointed time wlien offerings are presented. This is for the la of
Osiris on the right of the king, to the
head of the prophets, the messenger of Mait, the governor of the city Paiseru, the son of the priest, first prophet of Amon, the lord of the gods, born of the superior of the recluses of
Amon in its forepart,^ who joins Nu in
her name of Mehuerit. Grant me that my heart may delight in abundance after an ad- vanced old age, that my body may reach thy mountain, that which is in the Lower world. May tliat truly take place."
Left side (c, c) : " Osiris, the governor of the city, the vizier Paiseru, says, ' I have come to thee, Osiris, lord of Djeser. Thou art the lord of truth, lasting for ever. Thou fillest mankind with abundance ; give me bread, water, breath, that my body may remain, that my mummy may prosper, that invocations be uttered before me every day, that my spirit may not be repelled.' "
Riglit side (c, a) : " the venerable god
at Thebes, Amon Ra, who resides at Astakhuit. Grant me that my name may prosper in thy house, that I may receive loaves Ijeforc thee, that I may inhale the incense given thee on the altar."
Pis. XVI. 2, XI.c. Fragment of a group in black granite mentioning Rameses II. Part of his name is not very distinct ; we do not see the name of the god by whom he is said to be loved ; it may be Sokaris. As for the name of Nefert- ari, it seems to be that of the queen, and not
* The duration of life depends on liis will. ^ Probably of a boat.
THE VOTIVE MONUMENTS.
of the siuger of Anion whom we met before (PI. VIII.e).'
Pis. TV. 5, X.A, a-<l. This statue is in better state of preservation than tlie other ones. It lias kept its head. It was found in the rubbish ut the entrance of the chapel of the Ilathor Cow.
This priest, of the lower order, liveil at the end of the XlXth Dynasty and the beginning of the XX th. The statue bears on the shoulders the cartouches of Meueptah and Ilameses III.
On his right is his wife, on his left his sou.
llight : "May a royal offering l»e made to Anion Ra, Ilarmakhis, Tuni the lord of Thebes, Mut the great mistress of the sky, and Khonsu
Neferhotep. May they give a happy life
to enjoy the favour of gods and men, to the singer, son of singers, who conies out with song every day, the divine father in the sanctuary of Ba-en-Ra-incr-Ainon [Meneptah], in the temple of Amon on the West of Thebes, to the great priest who enters the house of Anion at Thebes, the official Nedjem."
His wife seems to be connected with the worshijD of JMenthu ; her name, which is doubtful, may be Takhentemlieh.
Left : " All that appears on the table of Amon, Mut, and Khonsu, as the gift of everv day, is for the ka of the divine father of the sanctuary of Ba-en-Ra-mcr-Aiiion, in the temple of Anion, the official Nedjem, the justified son of Bckmut, from his son who revives his name, the great priest, the chief of Amon, Malii."
We now come to the statues of the priests of Ilathor. In both of them the goddess is spoken
' The inscription at the side reads : —
I °H> ^
I M I I
MIPT
iPPPiP
of as being " the cow ftf gold," so that it is not impossible that it is the cow found in the temple, the head of which was gilt.
PL IX.A, a-c. Crouchinor statue in black granite, lieadless, holding in right hand the inenat of Hatlior, and before his knees the head of the goddess.
Left side (a, '/) : "(Jiving praise to Ilathor, and falling down before the lady of Thebes, the mistress of Djeser, by the royal artist, pure in his work, the head of the priests of Uerhiket, Djdui. He says : ' Homage to thee, the cow of gold, the beautiful, with numerous colours, the only one in the sky, Ilathor who is above Ra. Thine eyes reach Kush, thou art the great lady of Punt, thou feelest the good breath of the wind, thou causest it to change (?) from the North to the South wind when thou wieldest the oars. Bring me cattle, geese, incense, the gifts of thy temple. May Ptah make ..?.., which are his gift, and make a birthplace (?) by his art. May I receive the bread which is before thee, and the victuals of thy temple, may I go in and out pure of hands, on the mountain West of Thebes for the royal artist Djaui.'"
Right (a, I)) : " Osiris, royal artist Djaui. Thou receivest five loaves in Dadu, eight (?) in Abydos, twelve loaves in Uu Peg," thou receivest feet to walk upon, thighs to sit upon, fingers to take all things given to thee, thou eatest cakes which come out of . . ? . ., and pastry coming out of the mould. Thou receivest the heart of thy mother, the heart which thou hadst on earth, thou eatest cakes, and thou feedest upon grain, when thou art lying on thy bed. The gods who are present are given thee [as guides], they lead thee well, as they do to every god and every god- dess. [This is for] Osiris, the royal artist Djaui."
In front, before the knees, there is a head of Hathor. The text is rather uncertain, especially in the lower inscriptions (a, c).
^ Sacred territory at Abydos.
THE XlTH DYNASTY TEMPLE AT DEIR EL-nAHAIlI.
"The royal artist Djaui says: 'I am the priest of Hathor, who hears the rec^ucsts of all maidens
who weep, and who Hathor give me
ointment for my head, beer for my mouth, bread and drink which is offered thee by thy servants. Give me the cakes before thee, and that I may address Hathor, who listens to the miserable
for him who is pure, the prophet of the
royal living la ' "
Back (a, d): "A royal offering to Amon Ra and Uerhiket ; may they give bread, breath, water, frankincense to the royal artist Djaui. May Ra give bliss in the sky to the royal artist Djaui. May Qeb give power on earth to the royal artist Djaui. May Tum give a good burial to the royal artist Djaui. May Osiris give victory to the royal artist Djaui, the son of Ilat, born of the lady Roi"
PI. IX.IJ. Another statue, in limestone, of a priest or priestess of Hathor, whose name we do not know. Very little is left of the text.
. . . her son Uadjuadj. ... ye who go into the temple of Nubt, fill my
mouth with gifts . . . . . . her (?) he is satisfied I am (?) I say to
Nubt . . . . . . yc inhabitants of Thebes, liigh as well as
poor, all ye who go to ... in Djeser. . . . to tell your requests to the cow of gold, to
the lady of happy life, to the mistress
of . . . . . . porter, may she give us children excellent in
this house, happiness, a good husband . . . . . . rest on her feet, if cakes are given him before
her, she will not be wroth . . .
CHAPTER II.
THE PAINTINGS IN THE TOMB OF KEMSIT. By Edouard Naville.
In Part I., p. 49, Mr. Ayrton, speaking of the tomb of the princess Kemsit, says : " Round the wall, at about one foot from the roof, is a baud (2 ft. broad) of painted scenes, resembling those depicted on the sarcophagi, the princess in each being painted Ijlack. Along the top of these scenes is a line of hieroglyphs, with the usual funerary formula, ' for the spirit of the Priestess of Ilathor, the only royal favourite, Kemsit.' "
P/.M.
PIE.
Approximate Plan of Tomb-chamber of Kemsit, with references to wall-paintings, Plates II, and III.
This wall-painting is reproduced on Pis. II. and III. from a tracing made by Mr. Currelly, which has been redrawn by Mme. Naville. The original in the tomb is very coarsely painted on the rough stone, and seems to contain some mistakes in writing. It is a repetition of scenes which we have already seen on the sarcophagi of two other princesses, Kauit and Henhenit, and of Kemsit herself.'
PI. III. is what one sees in front of the entrance. Kemsit is black as usual ; behind her arc two attendants, one doing her hair as we .saw for Kauit (I., PI. XX.), and one liolding a
' Pfirt I., p. 48 ir.
big feather to be used as a fan, also on Kauit's coffin. The offerings brought to Kemsit are more numerous than on the sarcophagus, there beiug much more space to paint them. A scene wliich we did not find on any of the three coffins is that of the butchers. The inscriptions are only the name and titles of the princess, and the catalogue of offerings.
PI. II. gives us the scenes on the sides. On the right we see Kemsit, to whom an at- tendant brings some drink. He is followed by the red cow suckling her calf (I., PI. XX.), the spotted cow, and the bull. On the other side Kemsit, holding a lotus, receives various victuals brought by men.
Above the entrance there is probably a mistake. Instead of being black, Kemsit here is yellow, and her hair and dress are those of an attendant. Two women bring her a vase, a basket, and living animals, and at the end a man milks the spotted cow (I., Pis. XX. and XXII.), who seems to come out of the river.
The representations on the sarcophagus of Kemsit were much more complete and better done than this wall-painting.
Kemsit's mummy, with her head turned on one side in a manner usual under the Xlth Dynasty (like the Cairo mummy of Amenit, also a priestess, aud found near Deir el-Bahari), is, as has already been mentioned,' in the British Museum (no. 41853), with the fragments of her beautiful shrine and sarcophagus (nos. 1450 and 43037).
■' Tart I., p. .50.
10
THE XIth dynasty TEMPLE AT DEIR EL-BAIIARI.
CHAPTEB III.
THE STATUES OF SENUSRIT III. By II. R. Hall.
Next to the fragments of tlie Xllth Dynasty shrines and the magnificent XVIIIth Dynasty Cow of Ilathor the most important discovery made durinir the excavation is that of the six statues of Senusrit III. (Xllth Dynasty). These have ah-eady })een described shortly, and the circumstances of their discovery rehited, in Den- el-Bahari: XIth J)i/iiasf_i/,I.,-p. 37 ; photographs of the four most complete figures were published in the same volume (PI. XIX.). A large picture of the best-preserved portrait (B.M., no. 685) was also given in the second volume (PI. II.). This fine photograph was taken l>y Mr. Macbeth in the gallery of the British Museum, to which this figure was assigned. In the present volume two photographs (Pis. I. and XXI.) of a less well- preserved but even more striking portrait of the king, also one of the set of three statues pre- sented to the British Museum (no. G8G), is given, with one of the single figure kept at Cairo (PI. XXI. (//)). The first two of these photographs were taken by Mr. Macbeth, the third by Brugsch Pasha.
It will be evident from the pliotographs that these portrait-statues are monuments of the first class, splendid examples of the art of the Xllth Dynasty, and among the finest Egyjitian royal portraits that exist. Those in the British Museum are wortliy companions of the great head, one of two previously found for the Fund by M. Naville at Bubastis,^ wliicli, though it has been assigned in turn to the Ilykso.s kings Apepi
' JJiibatilin, Pis. X., xi.
and Khian, is almost certainly, judging by its style, also a portrait of a Xllth Dynasty king, perhaps x\menemhat III. The figure of Plate I. and Plate XXI. (a) has the most remarkable portrait of all, and is certainly the finest.
Tlic difl'erences between the portraits arc easily seen from the photographs. The difi'er- ence between (a) and (A) of PI. XXI. is specially marked, yet not so great that they cannot be recognized as portraits of the .same man, at different periods of his life : {(i) shows the king as a middle-aged man, (A) as a young man. In (a) we have the rounded contour of youth, in {!>) the strongly-lined features of age. AVe know that l)oth do represent the same man : all the figures bear the prenomen of Senusrit III., clearly cut, and over no erasure ; they are all portraits of King " Khakaura," whose name they bear. They must therefore have been made at difi'erent periods of the king's life, unless we suppose that they are different sculptors' impressions of the royal visage, some more, some less fiattering to him. With the exception of the Cairo head, which is tamer than the others (])eing perhaps the youngest), the portraits certainly show very much the kind of face that we should imagine the great king to have possessed, a hard, " dour" visage, with keen eyes and determined mouth, a fiice far more intelligent than those of many later pharaohs. The same impression is given by other portraits of the king : that found by JNI. Legrain at Karnak and now at Cairo,'^ and
- Legkain, Cat. Gen. Masee ihi Cnire : Statues de Eoin, I, p. 8, PL vi.
THE STATUES OF SENUSRIT III.
11
the two discovered by Prof. Petric at Abydos/ oue of which is phiccd uear the Deir cl-Bahari figures in the British Museum (no. G08). These show Scuusrit as an old man, and the features have become sterner with age.
This is indeed the conqueror of the Nul)ians and Negroes, the buihler of Semneh and Kummeh, who set up that extraordinary inscription now at Berlin :" "I have made my boundary, my going up-stream, farther than my fathers ; I have added to what was decreed to me ; I, the king, I say it and I have done it. What my licart conceived
my hand brought to pass And if any
one of my sons shall have maintained this boundary made by my Majesty, he is verily my
son, begotten by my Majesty myself
but if he shall have slackened it and not fought for it, no son of mine is he, and none begotten by me. And behold ! my Majesty hath caused to be made a statue of my Majesty upon this boundary made by my Majesty, not desiring that ye sIkjuUI venerate it, but that ye should figlit for it!"^ Later pharaohs often placed
' AhyiloK, i., PI. Iv., 6, 7 ; iii., PI. xii., 4, 5. 2 L., D., III., PI. 13C.
□ED □ X
V A/\/v\A^ r^T'.A/s/sr^
9"
egotistical iu.scriptions on their monuments, but none with the simple force and directness of this of Seuusert's. We seem, indeed, to hear in it an echo of tlie inscriptions assigned to Sesostris and Osymandyas l)y the Greek historians. And if Senusert talked like the legendary Sesostris, his visage, as shown in these statues, is very much what we may imagine that of a Sesostris to have been.
The king stands erect before the gods of Deir el-Bahari, Hathor and the deified Neb-hapet-Ra ]\Ientuhetep, with his hands resting before him on the triangular apron of his waist-cloth. lie wears the klaft and uraeus, but is without the false beard. On the belt of the waist-cloth is his prenomen, fQ^Yli '^"^1 from it hangs an ornament, no doubt of gold and jewel-beads, with on either side of it a royal uraeus. Hanging bv a string of beads from his neck is the remark- able pin and knot amulet which is seen on other statues of this king and period.* At the back of each figure is a j^linth with the royal titles ; "Ilorus Neter-Kheperu ("Divine of Existences"), insilij/n'' [" King of Upper and Lower Egypt"), Kiiakauha ("The doubles of Pva appear"), given life, power, and stability like Ua for ever." Of this in- scription only the upper part, as far as the end of the second cartouche, is preserved in the best of the statues : the completion we know from the lower portion of one in the British Museum (see below), which also shows us that the king stood in conven- tional fashion on the "Nine Bows," repre- sentins the surrounding barbarian nations.
■* This amulet lias been discussed by Prof. Waldemar Schmidt, P.S.B.A., 1906, pp. 2(38, 209. He illustrates a statue in the Copenhagen Glyptothek, on which it occurs. No actual specimen of it has ever been found. We do not know its significance, but no doubt it was a magical " pro- tection." At this period it appears only on royal statues, but in later days we find it on small bronze figures of deities, e.g., a Ptolemaic Harpokrates in the Pierpont Morgan Collection.
'•' We now know the proper vocalization of the signs
C 2
\
m
71
o
Q
uu
u
^- >
o
12
THE XIth dynasty TEMPLE AT DRTR EL-BAHARI.
Tlie bodies of the figures are strictly con- ventional, and the nrnis disproportionately long. The interest of the statues lies entirely in the head. AVe notice the enormous size of the ears (a characteristic of other royal statues of this period), forced forward by the folds of the klaft ; but the rest of the face is in each case correctly proportioned, and evidently as faithful a portrait as the artist
TiSR *'" '"''"' ^""O"^ "■ cuneiform letter found at Boghaz Kyoi (Ranke, Ahhamll. k. j). AJcad., 1910, p. 10), which reproduces the phrase as insibya. The apparent transposition of the n and s in the value of the sign I has been explained by Setiie, A.Z., xli.x. (1911), p. 15 ft'., who has shown that the value of X is not stn {suten) but nst [uenut), the word being n-gt, and meaning originally " Possessor of the Reed."
could achieve. In the treatment of the uraeus the Cairo statue differs somewhat from the rest : on this head it is smaller than on the others. This may perhaps be a point in favour of the view, which might be urged, that the Cairo statue was executed by a different sculptor, a man without the force of the artist who achieved the splendid portrait of the London head which is next to that at Cairo on Plate XXI.
The heads of two and the legs of all the figures have entirely disappeared. The feet of one were recovered, and are in the British Museum (no. 7G8). The two headless torsos remain at Deir el-Bahari.
Originally the statues must have stood about six feet in height. Those in London measure, as they are now, from 4 ft. to 4 ft. G ins. in height. The material of all is black granite.
i:!
CHAPTER IV.
THE SMALLER OBJECTS. By II. R. Hall.
The smaller objects of the Xlth Dynasty found in the tombs of the princesses have already been described in Part I. No other objects of the same date as the building of the temple were found, with the possible exception of a fragment of pottery discovered beneath the red granite eastern threshold ; this has already been illus- trated in Part I., PI. X.
The enormous number of small objects found loose in the rubbish overlying the building date for the most part to the period of the XVIIIth and XlXth Dynasties. Tliose found in the dust- layer immediately overlying the Platform seem to be exclusively of the XVIIIth Dynasty. Higher up in the dust here were found baskets, wooden mallets, and other implements of the destroyers who pulled the temple to pieces in late Ramesside times, as well as occasional poor burials and packets of viscera, &c., in pots, buried in the ruins at a still later date. Above every- thing, and close to the great temple in which the Coptic monastery of St. Phoebammou was established, were discovered the contents of a Coptic dust-heap, chiefly ostraka.
Farther east, in the lower Colonnades, were found a large number of sketches on slips of limestone which are Ramesside, and still farther eastward Demotic ostraka and fragments of XXXth Dynasty iishabtis.
The XVIIIth Dynasty Votive Offerings.
Of all these smaller objects the most import- ant are the XVIIIth Dynasty votive offerings, summarily described in Pt. I., p. 17. These are
usually connected with the worship of Hathor, and only in a minor degree with that of Amen- Ra, or that of the deified king Mentuhetep. It would seem that they are the relics of the innumerable offerings of the common people to the rock-cut shrine of the great goddess of Deir el-Bahari, which, when damaged or broken, or when the shrine became too full of them, were cast out by the sacristans chiefly into the de- serted courts of the funerary temple of Mentu- hetep below, though a certain number of similar objects were found during the excavation of the Great Temple itself The offerings are made of cheap materials, blue glazed steatite or faience, wood, and bronze. Those of ivory and the precious metals were naturally not thrown away. The presence of unfinished objects may possibly point to the existence of a regular factory of votive offerings close by ; even glazed faience seems to have been fabricated within the sacred precincts. We can imagine a town of booths for the sale of these offerings crowding round the famous sanctuary, as, for instance, they crowd round such a modern holy place as the Austrian Mariazell.
That these otierings should be of the time of the XVIIIth Dynasty, the most flourishing period of Hathor's sanctuary, is natural enough. The majority can be dated between the reigns of Amenhetep I. and Amenhetep II., not only by their general style, and especially by the colour of the blue faience of which they are made, but also by the fact that almost all the scarabs found among them, and all the other inscribed objects, are demonstrably of this date. The
14
THE XItu dynasty TEMPLE AT DEIR EL-BAIIARI.
make and style of a scarab of the first half of the XVIIIth Dynasty is unmistakeable, and of all those found during the excavation of Mentu- hetep's temple, only one, which bears the name of Khakaura Senusrit III., is older than this pci'iod.' No scarabs of later date than the reign of Amenhcteji II. at latest were found. The characteristic scarabs, rings, and utjtit-cyea of the reign of Amenhetep III., so common in the ruins of his palace near JMcdinet Ilabu, are re- presented by one broken specimen, and nothing whatever of the XlXth Dynasty was discovered. The commonest royal name is, as might have been expected, that of Hatshepsu, whi(;h occurs also inscribed on cartouche-shaped plaques of characteristic style, and inscribed on mciuits (the 1 emblem of Hathor).
The votive cows, heads of Ilathor, and so forth, are of the same glaze and faience as these scarabs, plaques, and 7ncn<tts, and were always found with them. Further, the scarabs were often found strung with these votive objects and with beads of the same (glazed faience to form a necklace to be presented to the goddess ; a typical example is no. 41134 of the British Museum (PI. XXV., in Fig. 2).
There can therefore be no doubt as to the ase of the majority of these offerings, which are characteristic of the worship of Hathor during the first half of the XVIIIth Dynasty, and are found not only at Deir el-Bahari, but at Hatlior- shrines at places so far apart as Sarabit el-Khadim in Sinai" and Faras in Nubia on the border of the Sudan. ^ The blue glaze amulets from Sinai and Nul)ia arc exactly the same as those from Deir el-Bahari.
' A spherical blue faience head with the name of Sankhkara, now in the liritish Museum (no. 41138), was apparently, hut not certainly, found in the temple. The scarab of Senusrit III. is contemporary with that king; it bears unmistakable signs of long wear.
- Petuie, Researches in Sinai.
^ As is shown by the recent excavations of Mr. P. Ll. Griffith.
The commonest offering of all was a figure of the Ilathor-cow, either in the round or in relief, inci-sed, or in outline, on a plaque pierced for suspension. The figures in the round are of wood, rough clay baked or unbaked, and of fine blue faience. They vary in excellence from a sliapeless lump of clay round a stick and crudely painted, to a fine little figure of blue glazed faience, often with the name of the goddess in black. The wooden cows are often much larger than the pottery ones. The plaques are of green and blue glazed steatite and faience, and of thin bronze. The steatite plaques are often of very quaint and crude workmanship ; one relief plaque, which is left unglazed, might indeed hardly be taken for Egyptian work at all. On this object, as on others of the same kind, we see the cow in a papyrus-brake, as she is so coustantly represented. In others (*'.//., B.M., no. 41059), incised, we see two cows, face to face, with a budding lily between them.
The goddess is not represented in human form. The numerous nude female figures of baked clay and of blue faience, with prominent breasts, are symbolical of the worship of Ilathor; we may call theni Ilathoric figures, but they are not figures of Ilathor. Her human face with cow's ears, in the conventional fetish-form, occurs, of course, constantly, usually as part of an imitation sistrum, of blue fiiience, once (B.M., no. 47797) of ebony (?). The faience Hathor- heads are sometimes very well made. The crude forms are very interesting, and a series of four, showing a eirsccmlo of crudity, is in the B.M. (nos. 41088—41091). These have the heavy volute locks at the side of the face, derived from a female coiffure of the Xllth Dynasty, but some of the finest are without these appendages.
Both the cow and the head appear very often on the fine votive bowls, of which only fragments have naturally been found in the dust-heap of the shrine (PI. XXVII. , Fig. 2). Here the cow is always shown with the stars upon her tianks, as in the great image discovered in 190G ; in
THE SMALLER OBJECTS.
15
front of her neck hangs the great ornament of the ncckhicc, which is counterwcighted by the mcndt behind.
The sacred cow occurs also in the round as an ornament on the edges of vases of coarse earthenware, the curious vessels rescmliling the Greek kcrnol, of which many fragments have been found. These wei'e certainly votive. Round the edge of a large bowl were perched numerous small model vases, often of sack-like form, and usually alternating with the rude figures of the cow (PI. XXXII. 16). Another form was a hollow rinjj on which vases and cows larger than those on the bowls were placed. The pottery was sometimes left unpainted, sometimes painted with red, blue, and yellow stripes. It has been suggested that the miniature vases were used to burn incense, as some of them show traces of fire within. The poor devotee would buy one of these kernol or ring-stands with the cups and cows upon it, and offer it to the goddess with the incense of his supplication burning before her miniature images.
Other votive crocks of the same style were rough double or triple vases (fWl) , joined to- gether at the neck and base. A third type was decorated with painted knobs and button-like rosettes representing flowers, projecting from the edges of the pot often to a distance of half an inch or more (PI. XXIII. 3). This pottery is very interesting in its evident imitation of the great gold vases, with the flowers springing from them, which we see depicted on the walls of XVIIIth Dynasty tombs ; the yellow paint with which it is plentifully besmeared is sufficient evidence of what it was intended to represent : it was the best imitation of the oflerings of the great that the poor fellah could afford to buy. The flowers are usually blue, in imitation of lapis lazuli or turquoise.^ Interest-
' Incidentally it may be noted tliat this pottery, with its projecting flowers, is an argmnent against the theory that would make the long-stalked flowers represented .springing
ing, also, is the elaboration in the kmioi of little pots superimposed upon big pots, which has survived in the work of the village potter of Upper Egypt to this day ; and the great mud cups, sometimes standing five feet high, which the fellah erects in the yard of his hovel to act as cupboards (and also safe roosts for children, fowls, and dogs, which snakes and scorpions cannot scale), are often decorated in the same way with rows of small cups along the edge, and sometimes each of these has its own set of miniatures on its rim.
A form of votive offering peculiar, apparently, to Deir el-Bahari, is a cloth, usually measuring several inches across, covered with a thin plaster paste, on which are painted scenes connected with the worship of Ilatlior and also of Nel)- hepet-Ra jMeutuhetep. We see the devotees re- presented, sometimes with their families, offering to the Holy Cow or to the solitary figure of the deified king, sometimes to both. Some fine specimens of these votive cloths^ seem to have been found here by natives in past years. Those found during the course of the present excava- tions are of a smaller type, on which only the cow and the devoter appear, often the cow alone.
One, a long fringed cloth, 19 ins. by Sins., narrower at one end than at the other, shows five women ofterinij to the cow, who appears coming out of the mountain. Their names, mostly illegible, are written above. On another, a square piece (diam. 7^ ins.), we see the offering of the lady Nubemari to Hathor, who is represented in human form,
from the gold vases in the frescos mere attempts to re- present the internal decoration of the vases. We may doubt if the projecting flowers were so long-stalked as tliey are represented as being ; and possibly they really projecterl not vertically but laterally, as in these humble ceramic imitations, but the artist could not represent them except as vertical. In any case the vases thus decorated could be of no practical use, but were merely splendid works of art, which the pottery ex-votos of the fcllahin followed longo inlcrvaUo.
'' In the collection of Mr. H. de Uustafjaell.
16
THE XIth dynasty TEMPLE AT DEIR EL-BAHARI.
r^
i
seated on a throne. Above is the inscription . ,;_-, . On a third (measuring 7 ins. H w i across), more delicately painted, we see a similar offering by a lady, whose name is effaced, to the cow " Hathor in Thebes," who is shown amid the bulruslics. Behind the worshipper is the sacred persea-tree. The colours used in these painted offerings are red, yellow, blue, and black. The nude female figures already referred to were a very usual form of votive offering (PI. XXIV. 2). They are more generally made of common earthenware than of glazed ware, and vary greatly in style : the finest are often very pretty (('.//. B.M., no. 41107). The usual conception is that of a female figure with a curious circular concave head-dress, with a row of holes along its upper edge, frtmi which beads were intended to dangle. At the sides of the face are the folds of a sort of hood. This fine type, also found at Faras, is coarsened into the broad-hipped, goggle-eyed monstrosity of the general type, known also from Mesopotamia, Cyprus, and other lands, as well as from Egypt. In the fine type the breasts are not very pro- minent ; in the coarser they are huge, and some- times they have a convoluted object twisted round them, which may be a necklace or a snake, and reminds us strongly of the Cretan bare-breasted snake-goddess, of whom images were found by Sir Arthur Evans at Knossos. The breasts occur as an amulet, either separately or together on a plaque. Among the small votive amulets the ■inendt, or counterweight of a necklace, which is commonly represented on figures of the sacred cow, became a regular emblem of the goddess, and is found here in faience and wood. The faience mendts are inscril)ed, usually with names or titles either of the goddess or of Queen Ilatshepsu. The wooden ones are very roughly made, and have little ornament but one or two stripes of red paint. The small plaques of thin bronze, usually pierced for suspension, which have already been mentioned ;i,rc common here. Besides the figure
of the cow, a common device upon them is the double ufjdt, ^^^^, often with the sign I between, ^^I^^§,- The human car, ^, often occurs' (PI. XXIV. 4, 5).
This ear, and the eye as well in its simple form, <2>-, arc common as separate amulets, sometimes in bronze, once in wood (B.M.),
usually in blue glazed ware. Sometimes the eye and ear are together on a faience plaque (B.M., no. 41079). They occur at Faras also. It is possible that they were dedicated as votives for the cure of deafness and blindness, but more probable that they are pictorial supplications to the deity to hear the petitions and watch over the safety of the devotee. Perhaps the two ideas were confused. In modern times exactly similar amulets, of silver, are made and used in Greece ; and these are certainly devoted in order to obtain the cure of disease."
The ear and the eye appear in the cults of other deities besides Hathor, notably Ptah at ]\Iemphis.^ The other amulets here mentioned are, however, exclusively Hathoric, or have a possible connection with Amen ; amulets ex- clusively connected with other deities, such as the u of Osiris, never occur at Deir el-Bahari.
It has been observed (p. 14, above) that the scarabs were often found strung with beads, and the same is the case with many of the amulets, plaques, &c. In all prol)ability they were usually worn on the person, and we can imagine the ancient peasant carrying his faience amulet in a
1 Several .small pl.aques of this type liave been in tlie Louvre for many years, but they do not seem to be of frequent occurrence in other collections.
- In Greece the usage is ancient enough : small oye.s and ears of the same kind as those found at Deir el-Bahari, but of gold, were found in the archaic Artemis-temple at Epbesus (Vlll-VIIth cent. li.c). Specimens are in the British Museum (Hor.AnTii, Ephesuti, p. 108, PI. vii. ; Marshall, B.M. Catalogue uf Jewelleri/, p. 70, PI. ix.).
^ PuTKiE, Memphis, I., pp. 7, 8 ; Pis. ix.-xiii. On a stele in the British Museum (no. 27G), which came from the Belmore Collection in 1843, we see four eyes and two ears behind the seated figure of Haroeris, " lord of heaven, prince of the circle of tlio gods."
THE SMALLER OBJECTS.
17
leather case tied rouud him, just as his modern descendant does, or the child with liis little bronze plaque hanging from a string of beads round his neck. Those found at Deir el-Bahari were either stock of the priestly vendors as yet unbought, or had been dedicated by their owners, who no doubt immediately replaced them by successors, as no Egyptian would go long without
his y, or "protection," and liked to wear almost
as many amulets in life as he did when dead.
The small necklaces over which the amulets were often found strung consist usually of dark and sky-blue "faience"' beads, spherical, discoid, or cylindrical. Blue glass and glass paste spherical beads were also found. The spherical beads of faience are sometimes corrugated, and these are often double or triple. Long seg- mental beads occur,* of an interesting type identical with similar "faience" or "frit" beads found in deposits of the Middle Bronze Age in Crete and in AVestern Europe, even so far as Britain, as for example at Lake and Tan Hill, in Wiltshire.^ There can be little doubt that the blue segmental l)eads from Lake and Tan Hill arc of Egyptian make, and so date at earliest to a])Out 1500 }!.c. They are found in Egypt as
' I retain the word "faience" for the Egyptian glazed ware, on account of its convenience, though Mr. Burton has recently pointed out (Jonrn. R. Sac. Arts, vol. Ix. (1912), pp. 593 ff.) that the Egyptian ware is not a true faience at all, but practically sand, held together hy some gum or other binding material. This view seems more or less in agree- ment with that of Prof. v. Bissing, who describes Egyptian " faience " as " eine stark kieselsandhaltige Masse mit einer blaugrunen Kupferglasur" ((7a<. Gen. Musee du Cairo: Fnyenccge/asse, p. vii.). Other colours besides blue-green were of course used at certain periods, notably the end of the XVIIIth Dynasty. But at Deir el-Bahari, in the time of llatshepsu and Thothmes III., they are still rare.
- B.M., no. 48101, a necklace, contains good specimens (PI. XXVIII. 8).
■* See Sril. Mus. Guide : Antiquities of the Bronze Age, p. 96 ; Evans, Proc. Sac. Ant., xxii. (1908), p. 127 ; Aber- CROMBY, Journ. Anihrop. Inst., xxxv. (190.5), pp. 256 fT. ; Bronze Age Pottery of Great Britain and Inland (Oxford, 1912), p. 66. These beads are often erroneously described as being of glass.
late as about 1200 B.C., probably. That they were imported into Britain long after the period 1500-1200 B.C. is hardly likely.
"Barrel" beads of faience are less common: they often have fragments of turquoise blue glass powdered on their glaze. The discoid beads were often elaborately strung, so as to present their faces, not their edges. The strings are sometimes of plaited leather. Innumerable loose beads were found, so many that, coupled with the fact that they are often unfinished and that unperforated drops and sticks of glaze occur, it has been surmised that a factory of blue glaze may have existed here, on the spot, in the temple. This is not impossible. A curious form of bead, common here, is made of small pieces of reed bent into shape (PI. XXVIL 6). The ends of the necklaces were usually formed by large hollow balls of -faience (measuring 1 in. to 1|- in. diameter), with segmental decoration in dark and light blue. Before the present excavations, the purpose of the balls of this kind which had been discovered elsewhere was unknown, and they were often supposed to have been orna- ments suspended from ceilings (like the ostrich- eggs of the Arabs). We see, however, from specimens actually found at the ends of necklaces here,'' what their real purpose was. A peculiar use for broken cylindrical beads was found by sticking them into circular cakes of mud, Hat above and rouud lielow (having been made in a pot), which were a common votive offering of the poorest. There can be little doubt that these objects are intended to represent loaves of bread.
All kinds of small thincrs in blue faience were found besides those mentioned above — models of persea fruit, bunches of dark grapes, trefoil pendants, tiny ostrich-feather fans, u/ja(-eyes, rosettes, and so forth, innumerable.
The blue glazed faience bowls seem to have been as great a feature of the votive offerings at Deir el-Bahari as were the amulets and figures of
B.M., no. 4112(5.
D
18
THE XItu dynasty TEMPLE AT DEIR EL-BAHARI.
the goddess. Usually they were plain bowls of the same general type as the magnificent perfect specimen in the British Museum (no. 4790). Only fragments were found (Pis. XXVI., XXVII. 2). Moustache-cups (with ledges on the rims) occur. Besides the cows and Ilatlior-heads already men- tioned, the designs consisted chiefly of repre- sentations of fish, papyrus-plants, spiral, zigzag, and scale desisxns. The scales and zigzags, in alternating dark and light blue inlay (PI. XXVI., in Figs. 2, .3), almost like chnsonni' enamel, are very characteristic. Flat tiles or plaques in l)lue glaze, some intended for inlaying, are common.
Fragments of unglazed painted ware vases were found, often decorated witli polychrome plant-designs recalling, noii lont/o intervdllo, the contemporary naturalistic plant-designs of the Cretan pottery of the first Late Minoan period. The Egyptian designs can perhaps hardly be called really naturalistic, except in .so far as the treat- ment of the leaves and flowers arc concerned ; each plant springs from a conventional base, and is placed with its fellows in a formal row, after the manner of a wall-dado (PI. XXVII. 5). But it is evident that the naturalistic Minoan designs were inspired by Egyptian designs of this type.^
Interesting relics of the XVIIIth Dynasty are the shells found in the deposit of votive ofl'er- ings. The fruits comprise dum, date, fig, and nutmeg. The last must have come from the East, and it, with several of the shells, may well be relies of Ilatshepsu's expedition to Punt. One or two bits of coral and r7//^/-gum, also found, can with little doubt be ascribed to this source.
The XIXth Dynasty Tools, &c. It has been pointed out (Part I., p. IG) that the numerous tools, baskets, &c., found amid the
1 A fragment showing a hii-d Hying among tamarisks, from Phylakopi in Melos (B.M., no. 40973), is suggestive of the egyptizing designs of birds among reeds. B.M., nos. 40975 — 7 .show typical polychrome representations of flowers. On no. 10978 spots of the uncommon colour green occur.
stone chips above the stratum containing the votive offerings must be of Ramesside date, as it is only after the reign of Ramesses II. that the destruction of the temple can have been begun. These objects are of well-known types — wooden mallets and levers, hoes, baskets, and so forth. Their good state of preservation is remarkable, especially in the case of the ba.skets and mats (PI. XXVIII.). Even cakes of bread and a small bird, relics of the workmen's meals, were found in the debris. A fine three-cornered loaf (PI. XIX.) is po.ssibly of earlier date ; perhaps thrown out of a violated Xlth Dynasty tomb.
Specially worthy of note are (PI. XXIX.) a fine copper chisel with hardened edge, now at Cairo, a small graving tool mounted in a wooden handle (possibly of the XVIIIth Dynasty, and used for cutting the fine hieroglyphs in Ilat- shepsut's temple), and a mallet (Brit. J\[us., no. 41187) with the owner's mark, +^A
To the same period, or perhaps rather earlier, the time of Rameses II.'s restorations, belong the numerous slips of limestone (dahsh), usually called ostraka, with artist's sketches upon them. AVe sec designs for ceiling-decorations, a bullock walking, a man " smelling the ground " (before Pharaoh), a king or noble seated on a throne beneath which is an ape, and other similar pictures. The numerous similar "ostraka" with hieratic inscriptions, which date from the XVIIIth to the XXth Dynasty, must, owing to want of •space, be reserved for future publication. I may, however, mention here a hieratic note of the XVIIIth Dynasty, which is curious ; it reads —
//A
(i^MajLi^
'?7«*^t>
.«»-
^^qpi^-riiT
°3«^.<-.-^
Ill
^ I
THE SMALLER OBJECTS.
19
" Let the Assyrian who is working turquoise (or, making [artificical] turquoise) come with him." Tliis mention jit Thebes of an Assyrian, pro- bably a slave captured in one of the I'accie of Thothmes I., is interesting.
Other miscellaneous inscribed objects of the XVIIIth Dynasty were found, such as jar-scal- ings (one with the name of Queen Alcritamou) and funerary cones. The latter had evidently' been thrown or washed out of tombs of the XVIIIth or XXVIth Dynasties on the hill of Shekli 'Abd cl-Kurna, and in the Hat of the Asasif,' and, as they have nothing to do with Deir el-Bahari, are not published here.
Later Ohjects.
The objects of the later Pharaonic period found are not very interesting. The cottins from the XXIst Dynasty Ijurials in the graves of the Xlth Dynasty priestesses have already been referred to, and are not worth further descrip- tion. A few demotic ostraka of the Sai'te period and later were found, some funerary cones, already mentioned, and some stray XXVIth and XXXth Dynasty usluildls, thrown out of the big Sai'te graves on the Hat close by, where el-Asasif marches with Deir el-Bahari. Two or three Greek ostraka turned up, and one of them is worth notice. It is a fragment of a red pot, inscribed with what appears to be the end of a letter containing an order, perhaps an oracular " direction " given " from the lord Amenothes, the very great god "; or perhaps a simple letter from the priest, signed as coming from the god. Amenothes is of course the deified sage Amen- hetep, son of Ilapu, the " prime minister " of Amenhetep III., who had long been popularly regarded as a tutelary daemon of Western Thebes, and appears, confused with his master the king Amenhetep, in the pantheon during
1 Cones of Muntemhat and bits of ushabtis of Petu- umenapot were found.
the Ptolemaic period. Similarly, the earlier sage lemhetep had been made a god, and both he and Amenhetep were .specially venerated at Deir el-Bahari, where the new facing of the cella of Hatshepsu's temple, put in by Euergetes, has in.scriptions which tell us much more of Amen- hetep and lemhctej:) than of Ilathor or Amen. The Greek transcriptions of their names were Amenothes and Imouthes. From this ostrakon it is evident that the popular cult of Amenothes (with whom even Amen himself had probably by now been confused) was vigorous at the end of the first or beginning of the second century A.D., to which the writing may be dated. The text reads : —
] KanoL
] Tov TTaai.
a](f>aLpeTco<; tov
Trarepa ei?
Kwva (uSe
vapa rov Kvpt,
ov Ajxcvoi
6ov Qeov
jxeyia-
TOV
The scribe originally wrote Trarepav, but
u 2
20
THE XiTU DYNASTY TEMPLE AT DEIB EL-BAHAEI.
erased the superHuous v. €19 Kajva must mean " to Kos," the modern town of Kiis.
An unusual object of the later period is a limestone stela, found by Mr. Carter at the close of the previous excavations, on which in high relief is the figure of a naked bearded man, holding in his right hand a cestus, and in his left a dagger. Above are two lines of inscription,
iiiiiiiii AOAIITIIC
fiix HATpoo nAciiiiiov. (B.M., no. 648.)
This " athlete," whose name has perished, son of Pasemis, was apparently a professional boxer and kind of gladiator ; his date may be placed in the second century a.d. He is a strange figure at Deir el-Bahari, where, however, many monks had no doubt contended for tlie proud titles of " athlete of God " and " wrestler of the Spirit." The word " utlilete " was used by the monks in this " spiritual " sense, but in the case of the son of Pasemis it can only be taken in its "carnal" one.
Coptic Objects.
The Coptic objects (PI. XXXIV.) discovered were thi'own away as rubbish by the monks of the monastery of St. Phoebammon, which was estab- lished over the ruins of tlie temple of Hatshepsu. The great majority of these objects are ostraka of limestone or pottery (chiefly containing letters to the monks, tax-receipts, &a), which had been thrown away after they had been read. We have, in fact, found the contents of the monastic waste-paper basket. These letters and other documents are of the same type as those pre- viously discovered here, which have been pub- lished by Mr. Crum ^ and by the present writer,- They date from the seventh and eighth centuries of our era. The letters consist, as was usual,
' W. E. CuujM, Cojitic Ostraha ; special publication of the Egypt Exploration Fund, 1902.
- H. R. Hall, Coptic and Grech Texts from Ostraka, etc., in the British Miisciiiit ; printed by order of the Trustees, 190.5.
r:TGk*Ai iinooior'
liOniCK/ AI'>A AI'>|)AAM
largely of the honorific greeting of the sender to the receiver, who is " honoured in every way " ; apologies are made for writing on stone or pottery in default of paper ('unio-ii VA|vnic) ; and so on, ending with the address, " Give it to (taac 11) So-and-So, from the least of monks (eixTininAAxiGTOc iiuoiiavoc) So-and-So." As specimens I may give the following here :—
AiioK Yakcoii " I, lakob,
n."jii niincviinioc the son of Pcsynthios,
write to His Holiness Bishop Father Abra- ham, xn ni,"jAii(i-u);')T ma'uot saying: if I see my
father nnm'iK) (-:(|(0|)ii Pe.synth[ios] and he
sweareth riiipAM rTnuic; by the name of God,
•l^()iio.\()r(-i I undertake
X(H-iiiiv iiTAAOoc iiAK to couic aud tell thee. AIIOK Yakcob leoud I, lakob, agree
Aoroi (:-l-2oiioAonA : -|- : to this agreement" : + :
This letter is addressed to the energetic Bishop Abraham of Erment, who, with the help of his secretary Apa Victor, seems practically to have ruled Western Thebes in the middle of the seventh century. He apparently fixed his head- quarters in the monastery of Deir el-Bahari. Another letter may have been addressed to a superior of the monastery. It is an urgent command to him to take certain men, probably monks, and go quickly somewhere, we do not know for what purpose : the order may have come from the bishop. It runs :—
'peK;'iAii,\i nti'i maa^, b«i)k "When thou hast re- ceived this tablet go TAvir iif<|r r.ApiAc," iiiT swiftly: takeZa[cha?J-
rias and iiAiiKovK" iAK(c)r. iiM Papkouk, lakob and
.VAiiiiiA iiuiGr.nKiiiATi Daniel and lezekiel :
r(;Tuiui)K CBOA' v.x go yc forth, for
opcuTecrri ye are to find
simiiiiiiiiii!
THE Sl\rALLKR (IB.TIOCTS.
21
Another, of which the text was given in the Archaeological Report for 1903-4, is a little note from one priest to another, asking him to take a service for him. Such are typical examples of these curious documents, which throw consider- ate light on the life of the Theban monks and fiilalun in the days immediately preceding the Saracen conquest.
The other Coptic objects are of the usual kind found in late Roman deposits in Egypt : bits of carved furniture, a leaden inkpot, an iron lamp, iron keys, fragments of embroidered cloth, and so forth ; reminding us of the very similar remains found by Sir M. Aurel Stein in the sand-buried dwellings and rubbish- heaps of the Niya and Endere sites in Chinese Turkestan.^ One object of great interest is a
* See Steik, Ancient Kholan (Oxford, 1907), and Ruins of Desert Cathay (London, 1912). It is curious to see the same dominating Roman taste evident in small objects of the earlier centuries of the Christian era found in Chinese Turkestan and in Egypt.
piece of an alabaster canopic jar, dating probably
from the early Ptolemaic period, which, after
it had been thrown out of its tomb, broken, and
cast aside, was found by some artistic monk,
who drew upon it, as he would have upon an
ostrakon, a picture of an angel, represented
in a tlowing garment and with wings. The
style is good, and the object interesting, in
view of the date of the sketch, which is,
no doubt, of tlie seventh century or perhaps
earlier.
We have nothing from Deir el-Bahari that
can be dated later than the eiglith century
ivjayia, or tax-receipts, from the monastery
dust-heap. When the monastery was abandoned,
Deir el-Bahari ceased to be inhabited, and was
left by the Muslims to the afrits, tlie ghosts of
those who had built its two splendid temples
and of their successors who had lived from
century to century under tlie shadow of its
mighty cliffs.
n. R. Hall.
Note. — Tlie author of this chapter lias illustrated it chiefly from the objects assigned to the Britisli IMusouiii and Oxford, owing to his inability to visit tlio numerous otlior museums, notably tlioso of Aiiiorica, to which largo selections of tho smaller objects from Deir el-Bahari wore also assigned.
22
TIIK XIth dynasty TKMPLK AT DETR EL-]!AIIA1U.
CHAPTEK V.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES. By E. Navillk and II. li Hall.
Pl. I. Statue of Sciiu-'O'it J II. in the Britisli Museum (no. G86); page 10.
Pis. II. and III. Painting in tlie tomb of Kemsit ; page 9.
PI. IV. 1. Statue of Tcta; page 1.
2. Statue of JMcnklu'per ; page 2.
3. Statue of Aalimcs called Paten ; page 2.
4. Small statue of Paiseru ; pages 5, G.
5. Statue of Nedjcm ; page 7.
G. Fragment of a crouching limestone statue. It may have been a royal statue, since it is said of the man that he takes the atef diadem, and that he is lord of the double crown.
PI. V. 1. Lower part of seated statue of Amenemliat ; page 2.
2. Lower part of a small model staircase ; page 4, PI. VIII. D.
3. Torso of a scribe whose name i.s not known. The first cartouche of Amenophis II. is on his right shoulder, and on the pouch on his left the name of what seems to be the temple of Amenophis II., Aa-kheperu-Ra mi-Amen, of which foundation-deposits have been discovered by Prof. Petrie.
4. Small fragment of a stele speaking of offer- ings to Ameu-Ra, Ilarmakhis, and Osiris.
5. Small fragment of a liynni to Ilarmakhis by a man called J^'tasi^'is, probably of late time.
G. Base of a statuette of a priest called Aahnes.
PI. VI. 1. Stele of Uslhat ; page 3, PI. VIII. e. 2. Stele of nUhum ; page 4, PI. VIII. c.
3. Group in limestone ; page 3, PI. IX. F.
4. Small fragment. A priest of the rank of
■ r offers a wild fowl to his father, who
has the same title, and to his mother, who seems to jje called III Ni'feru.
PI. VII. 1. Pyramidiou of Dhuti (Thoth). Early XVIlIth Dynasty ; page 5, PI. XI. B.
2. Pyramidion of DjniicjW. XVIII-XIXtli Dyna.sty (Brit. Mus., no. 493).
3. Fragment of a stele of a person named Aakheperka, priest in Astakhouit, and his sons.
4. Foot of the statue of Neferhotep. "XVIIIth Dynasty.
5. Fragment of a stele, where are seen two women, who may be either the daughters or the sisters of the deceased. Early XVIIIth Dynasty.
G. Fragment of a stele very much erased.
7. Part of a stele, showing a man making libations and burning incense before Hathor. XVIIIth Dynasty.
8. Frafjment of a stele. A king is seen between a sitting goddess, who may be ]\Iut, and Hathor issuing out of her mountain. XVIIIth Dynasty.
Pis. VIII. -XL Inscriptions belonging to the monuments of the preceding plates ; pages 1-8.
E. N.
PI. XII. Fragments of sculptures from the temple of ]\Ientuhetep similar to those published in Part 1., Pis. XII.-XVI.
DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.
23
1. Dotails of the headdress. Au actual ex- ample of this Hower headdress is iu the Leyden Museum.^
2. Face of the kincf showinir front of the same headdress.
3. Profile of a kiug ; iuscriptiou, "Protection of Life around him ! "
4. Eoughly-cut inscription, " Son of the Sun, Mentu[lietcp] ....," on a square pier of coarse Ijrowii sandstone. From a colonnade.
5. Part of tlie royal name in tlie coloured high relief: tine limestone. From a shrine.
G. Young prince (?) being led by a tutor.
7. A representation of the god Set. Very rare at this early period.
8. Fragment of an inscription from an architrave : blue-grey sandstone. The signs
9. Fine limestone fragment. Row of kheker ornaments above the word " incense."
10. The snake of the North, Puto, rises from the papyrus-plant.
11. Plant decoration : convolvulus.
PI. XIII. 1. Three heads of foreign enemies, one behind the other.
2, 3. Foreign enemies. The curious necklaces are remarkable. (British Museum.)
4. Oti'cring a liquid to a princess. This fragment comes from one of the shrines. (Ashmolean Museum.)^
5. Negro bringing tribute of a precious metal
in rings ; probably r^ ascin or f'(tin, pale gold
or an alloy of silver and gold. (Ashmolean Museum.)
6. Egyptian male head.
7. Shows how the ropes were tied on the boats.
1 Cf. BoKSEK, A. Z., xlv. (1908), p. 30.
^ [These foreigners are evidently Semites in 1 , and those of 2 and 3 are certainly Libyans, while the man offerin" in 4 is i)crhai)s recognizable by his turned-up beard as a Puuitc,— H. H. 11.]
PI. XIV. 1. Xlth Dynasty sandstone frag- ments of female figures in high relief as pilasters in the outer upper colonnade of the temple.
2. Large limestone fragment : royal lion treading down enemies. Found in part of the north lower colonnade. Date uncertain, possibly Xlth Dynasty.
3. Head of Menephtah Siphtah. XlXth Dynasty. From the facing of the pyramid on the platform (Part II., I'l. X., p. 12).
4. Figure of king from a small stele, probably of the XVIIIth Dynasty.
5. Unknown figure, perhaps funerary, perhaps Ptah or Osiris. The peculiar fringed robe is remarkable.
G. Part of a kneeling statue holdiufc the head of Hathor.
7. Unfinished votive stele : the cow of Hathor witli a table of offerino's.
8. Upper part of a small votive stele with the head of Hatlior. In the pylon headdress are three hawks (see PI. XXXII. 1).
PI. XV. 1. The stele of Senusrit III. (Usert- sen) is that which was found at tlie entrance of the sul)tcrranean passage, the copy and trans- lation of whicli have been published (see Part I., PI. XXIV., p. 58 ff.).
2. The painted temple-relief, of yellow Silsila sandstone, shows a princess, under whose arm is a. boy liaving the name of Sa-IIathor. Her dress is like that of the princesses to whom the shrines were dedicated. XVIIIth Dynasty ; from the forehall of the Ilathor-speos (Pt. I., p. 3G). (British Museum, no. 77G.)
3. Stele of an official called Tliothmes. He is seen before Osiris and Isis, but the dedicatory inscription speaks also of offerings to Harmakhis- Tum, the lord of Thebes. XVIIIth Dynasty. (British Museum, no. 170.)
4. Thothmes III. and Hathor. The goddess holds the sign of life before the nostrils of the king. XVIIIth Dynasty (from a liuilding of Thothmes III.).
24
THE XIth dynasty TEMPLE AT DEIR EL-BAHARI.
PI. XVI. 1. Name of a sanctuary of Tliotli- mes I., called Aa-kheper-ka-Ra khnumlt ankh ("joined to the life of Aaklieperkara "). XVIIItli Dynasty.
2. Fragment of Rameses II. (p. 6, PI. XI. c).
3. Small limestone Ilathor column-capital. This is the usual form of the head of the goddess, which is often given to the sistrum. Probably votive.
5. A piece of the floor of the lower colonnade, with a roughly-cut representation of the feet of a
pilgrim, where may be read mJ c>) 00 v ' • • "' the porter (?) lu . . ., [or ^^^(j "^^^ the guardian Huia. — H. R. IL] ; the other graffito is that of a priest, f | aaaaaa .... Such records of the visits of pilgrims are not uncommon on the paving-stones of Egyptian temples (see Pt. I., p. 25).
E. N.
H. R. H.
PI. XVII. 1. British Museum, no. 40953. Black granite head of a votive statue, found in the rubbish overlying the temple, representing a man with shaven head and no wiu". Heicht 4 ins. Probably early XVIIIth Dynasty or before.
2. British JMuseum, no. 41044. White lime- stone : upper part of a votive figure of a priestess, "fan-bearer of the image of the cod "
Good work, showing details of the headdress well. At the side of the plinth at the back is represented the ostrich -feather fan which the priestess bore in the processions of the image which she served. Height 8 ins. XVIIIth Dynasty.
PI. XVIIl. 1. British Museum, no. 40954. Close-grained yellow limestone : head of a votive figure of a man in heavy wig. Somewhat damaged and smeared with black paint. Height
4 ins. Possibly Middle Kingdom, but more probably early XVIIIth Dynasty.
2. Black granite head of a man in short wig. XVIIIth Dynasty.
3. Grey sandstone head of a man ; face painted red and wis: black. Middle Kingdom?
4. White limestone head of a man with shaven head. Fine work. XVIIIth Dynasty.
5. British Museum, no. 43132. Small white limestone head of a man : very fine style. The hair is represented as natural, not a wig : it is moderately long, and the top of the head is shown as bald. The face is very expressive. The right side of the head is broken away. Height 3^ ins. XVIIIth Dynasty.
G. British Museum, no. 40955. Small white limestone head of a man, crude style, with the top of the head spread out in an unnatural fashion. The features are almost obliterated. Height 2h in.s.
PI. XIX. Objects from the ka-Unn\) of king Mentuhetep : 1. the painted wooden top of a canopic jar, roughly carved (Britisli iVIuseum, no. 47G28). 2. A model boat with rowers (America) ; two wooden men from the royal funerary furniture, and one from another tomb, with a model .sv7L7i'6'»i-sceptre (British Museum, nos. 47G39, 47640, 40913, and 47G42) ; a set of wooden model vases from the ^v/-tomb (British Museum) ; and a triangular loaf of l)rcad (British IMuseum, no. 40942), measuring 9 ius. by 7i ins., which I found myself in the rubbish immediately overlying a plundered XIth Dynasty tomb on the north lower court, between the two temples. Odds and ends from tlie XIth Dynasty burial were found with the loaf, and I have little doultt that it is a " funeral meal " of that pcricnl.
PI. XX. Human skulls from XIth Dynasty burials: 1. From Tomb 3 (Part I., p. 44). 2. From Tomb 2 {!/>., p. 43). 3. From Tomb 4 {i/>., p. 45). Nos. 1 and 3 arc those of females; no. 2, the only complete one, is that of a man.
DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.
25
No. 1 is iu the British Museum, uo. 2 in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, no. 3 went to America. (In the photographs nos. 1 and 3 stand upon an ancient wooden model tub (?) from an Xlth Dynasty grave.)
PI. XXI. The upper part of two portrait- statues of Seuusrit III. (see ch III.) : (a) in the British Museum, (b) at Cairo.
PI. XXII. 1-6. Trial drawings on slips of limestone (ddbsh) (see Part I., p. 24). No. 1 is a man smelling the ground before Pharaoh ; no. 2 a bullock walking ; no. 3 a hawk and a man holding a flower ; no. 4 a monkey under- neath a king's throne, with a sketch for an ornamented ceiling behind ; no. 5 is another sketch for a ceiling ; no. 6 is a serpent of lime- stone, unfinished. No. 7 is a sketch of a naos (no doubt one of those of the Xlth Dynasty on the temple-platform ; Part I., pp. 30 If. ; II., pp. 6 ff".) on a fragment of yellow pottery. No. 8 is the lower part of a small sandstone stele, on which is painted a scene of a girl with side-lock offering to two seated male figures in voluminous white robes. No. 9 are specimens of the curious votive offering mentioned on page 17 : a cake of mud filled with holes, in which are stuck broken blue beads. All the above are of the XVIIIth and XlXth Dynasties.
PI. XXIII. Votive pottery of the XVIIIth Dynasty. The specimens here illustrated are all in the British Museum. They comprise (1)
rough double or triple vases ((Wl) of coarse
brown ware, sometimes daubed with paint ; (2) painted miniature pots from the edges of larger pots and from kernoi, evidently, from their blackened condition, often used for the burning of incense before the divine image of Hathor by the devoter (see page 15); (3) painted knobs or button-like rosettes from the edges of similar votive pots, often sticking out for a distance of half an inch from the adhering frag-
ments of tlic original pots, which were evidently imitations of metal vases of price (page 15);
(4) small Hathor-heads used in the same manner;
(5) vases from kernoi or double pots like (1), with rude zigzag decoration made by means of a piece of stick ; (6) fragments of vases, each similarly decorated, and with a row of tiny little pots stuck along under the outside edge of the rim of the vessel : this is a degradation of the idea of (2).
PI. XXIV. 1. Pottery cows and Hathor-heads from similar kernoi and votive bowls (see page 15), wooden Hathor-heads and vicnats, and a rudely-cut plaque of white steatite, unglazed, on which is the cow of Hathor among papyrus reeds (British Museum, no. 410G0).
2. Wooden votive ear (page 16). Pottery figures of girls (connected with the Hathoric worship), one of which (in the centre of the illustration) is very fine (British Museum, no. 41107). It is 5 in. high (see page 16). Rude heads of the common type of Hathoric figure.
3. Blue glazed faience Hathor head and torso of Hathoric figure.
4. 5. Bronze votive eyes, ears, and Hathor cow. 6. Portion of stone bowl with rudely-cut
couchant cow or jackal on the edge.
All these objects are votive, and are exclusively of the XVIIIth Dynasty.
PI. XXV. Miscellaneous smaller votive ob- jects of the XVIIIth Dynasty : 1. A string of alternating blue and black cones, from a model scourge, symbol of divinity. 2. Model eyes, ears, Hathor heads, cows, rosettes, beads, and scarabs of blue and black glazed faience : one cow is of bronze. A set of scarabs is still strung on the original thread. A piece of patterned bead-work in tiny beads of brilliant colours is notable. 3. A disk bead of mother-of-pearl, with two perforations. 4. A bunch of triple beads of blue and black glazed faience. 5. Glazed faience and steatite scarabs of the XVIIIth Dynasty,
26
THE XlTH DYNASTY TEMPLE AT DEIR EL-BAHARI.
some with the name of Hatshepsu. Steatite scarab of Khakaura Senusrit III. Deep blue glazed faience spherical bead of Sankhkara (see page 14).
PI. XXVI. Fragments of blue glazed ware votive bowls of the XVIIIth Dynasty. The designs are all Ilathoric — the Ilathor-head, papyrus, fish, etc. No. 4, a fragment of a crinkle-edge bowl in the Ashmolean Mu.seum, has on it a very freely treated plant. ISo. 5, also in the Ashmolean, has a funerary prayer
(t A n) *'*' " ^"^ mistress" Hathor for the devoter, ". . . . uh-uer, deceased" (. . . . %^ 1^ , who is represented praying.
PI. XXVII. Similar fraoments of blue glaze : those with the cows on the right (2) are in the British Museum. 3. Fragments of blue glaze mendts (in the Ashmolean) with royal names of the early and mid-XVIIIth Dynasty — Aahmes- Nefertari (E 2727), Thothmes I. (E 2728), and Hatshepsu (E 2729). 4. Fragment of a blue glaze "moustache-cup" (British Museum). 5. Fragment of painted pottery ; brown ware, with representations of plants in black. G. Beads of pale blue, dark blue, and black glaze ; some lentoid with fragments of turquoise glass stuck on them ; some of small bits of folded reed-leaf. Bits of cloth with beads worked into them. All votive : XVIIIth Dynasty.
PI. XXVIII. Miscellaneous objects found in the upper strata of the rubbish overlying the temple (page 18): a basket (l), pieces of basket or mat- work and two sandals (2), a five-fold brush (3), a bag of natron (4), a leather bag (5), a small bird and a piece of bread (G), and a fiat cake of bread (7). These must all be relics of work- men of the XVIII-XXth Dynasty, though (7) may have been thrown out of an Xlth Dynasty tomb. (8) is a string of glazed faience beads, cylindrical, segmental (see p. 17), and spherical. XVIIIth Dynasty.
PI. XXIX. Tools and implements, etc., of the Ramesside period (Pt. I., p. 16) : (1) A reed mat and bowl ; (2) a wooden hoe with its original cross-rope ; (3) wooden mallets ; (4) rope ; (5) a bronze fish-hook (British Museum) ; (6) a fine bronze graver for cutting hieroglyphs, possibly of the XVIIIth Dynasty, and used for the work in Hatshepsu's temple (Cairo) ; (7) a copper chisel with hardened edge (Cairo) ; and (8) a heavy stone chisel (British Museum ; Part I., p. 4G).
PI. XXX. Votive cloths of the XVIIIth Dynasty (see pages 15, 30).
PI. XXXI. Similar votive cloths.
PI. XXXII. Miscellaneous votive objects of the kind described above (Pis. XXIII.-XXIX., and ch. IV.). No. 16 shows a very perfect kernos, with vases and couchant cows alternating on a circular pipe-like base. No. 12 (Ashmolean) has a thick running glaze.
PI. XXXIII. Miscellaneous objects, XIX- XXth Dynasty and Roman, of the type illustrated in Pk XXVIII., XXIX., comprising: (2) mallets; (3) the fine hoc illustrated in PI. XXIX. 2 ; (4) a brown ware vase with rope frame and loops for hanging, now in the British Museum (no. 43223) ; (5) a wooden clamp for building ; (9) a brush with red paint (British Museum) ; (6, 10, 13, 15) ostraka of the Ramesside period ; (14) ostrakon with a rude plan of a building or garden ; (15) a sketch of ceiling-pattern; (39-41) [transferred from the preceding plate], Xlth Dynasty arrows and a Ramesside (?) toggle with string ; (11) fragment of Roman pottery with dancing figure ; (8) a Greek stamp.
[Note.— Pis. XXX.-XXXIII. are drawn by ]\Ir. C. T. Currelly.]
PI. XXXIV. Miscellaneous objects, Roman
and Coptic: 1. Stele of the athlete, ,
son of Pasemis (page 20). '•2. Vase-lid (for an
DESCBIPTION OF PLATES.
27
incense-pot?) of pale blue faience. .0. Spouted anipliora of rough brown ware, with rope. 4. Turned Roman woodwork. 5, G. Jloniau carved woodwork. 7. IJeed cro.ss. 8. Cross of two twifTs tied together. 9. Fraa;ment of alabaster cauopic jar with Coptic drawing of an angel (page 21).
PI. XXXV. Views of the temple-excavations,
from photographs by M. D. Dalison (1), E. R. Ayrton (2, 3), and myself (4-G).
ir. R. IT.
PI. XXXVl. General view of the two temples of Deir el-Baliari from the north (taken by Mr. Burton), showing the completion of the work of the Egypt Exploration Fund at Deir el-Bahari. Finin conmat opus.
E 2
28
THE XItu dynasty TEMPLE AT DEIR EL-BAHARI.
APPENDIX.
THE SMALL ANTIQUITIES ILLUSTRATED ON PLATES XXX.-XXXIII.
By C. T. Currelly.
Mr. Hall lias already dealt generally with the smaller objects. I wish, however, to add a few words on the subject of joarticular classes of objects which are illustrated, in addition to the pliotographs, by my drawings on Pis. XXX.- XXXIII. The objects which I have illustrated are mostly of the XVIIIth and XlXth Dynasties, and, as Mr. Hall has said in Part I., were found mixed up irregularly in the masses of stone chips and wind-blown dust above the Xlth Dynasty temple. The greater number were at a level that marked a "lioor" of the time when worshippers came to place gifts before the Ilathor cow that we found in situ. The most numerous objects were of blue glaze — tubular beads, disc beads, spherical beads, and fragments of bowls. The moment we dug into this layer quantities of beads were found, as if thousands of necklaces, dedicated to the Cow- goddess, had been swept out by the priests with the dust and thrown in proper Egyptian fashion to that side which the priest or attendant found easiest. There they would soon be covered, and so protected, by the wind-blown dust that circles about in the great valley (Hall, Part I., p. 17). The majority of the beads are tul)ular, and have a diameter of a little less than a quarter of an inch, and are about two inches long. There is, however, variation in both diameter and length. Frequently a few were still joined by the original linen thread, and as these were almost invarialjly broken beads, it is prol)able that a whole bead was the exception in the
necklaces offered to the goddess. The whole bead is also rather long to hang well on a woman's neck.
The best of the beads are of the colour of the Sinai tur(|uoise, from which the colouring was doubtless copied. Hathor is frequently called the goddess who loves the tur(|uoise. Her temple in Sinai was built at Saraljit el-Khadim in the midst of the turquoise mines, and built of turquoise-bearing sandstone. Here also were offered thousands of necklaces of the same beads, and "reat numbers of bowls and vases of the same colour and material. I think from this we may conclude that the colour of the turquoise, as well as the stone itself, was especially associated with the worship of the goddess, and that neck- laces of the kind found at these two temples were worn and, at times, dedicated by those who wished the aid of the goddess of love and motherhood.
The blue colour is obtained from oxide of copper, and is over a frit made of sand and soda heated to a point which makes it firm but does not fuse it into true glass. [See also p. 17, n. 1, above.— H. R. II.]
The manufacture of beads of this material goes back to predynastic days. Several strings were found at Al)ydos. Professor Petrie also found them in a layer of the Ist Dynasty at Abydos. The predynastic beads are usually small. In the predynastic tombs many beads and amulets of quartz are found that are covered with a blue glaze. It is probable that the frit
APPENDIX.
29
bend was invented as a cheaper and better substitute for the glazed quartz. In the frit bead, where the body of the bead is of the same material as the glaze, minus the copper, they adliere well, whereas the glaze readily flakes oft' from the quartz. These blue-glazed (juartz beads and amulets appear also in the so-called Pan-crraVes at the close of the Xllth Dynasty.
The XVIIItli Dynasty beads found liere before the shrine of Ilathor are of a much more brilliant and a purer blue colour than those found else- where or of any other period. The whole question of glazes must have received a great impetus from the enormous demand for neck- laces and bowls at this period, and it was at this time that someone succeeded in producing a fire hot enough to melt the sand and soda frit, and so produce true glass. Of all the thousands of tliesc beads that I have seen none have Iteen accidentally fused. In any considerable number of XXIInd Dynasty beads of the same general kind many show fusion. This may be due to the thinness of the frit in the bead. Possibly it is to the accident of the firing that we owe a certain number of dull green lieads. A few of the finest have a spiral line drawn around them in the manganese purple black. Tliese finest beads are, however, rare, and the difticulties of glazinjr are well shown in the numbers of defective beads.
The vases are made of the same frit as the beads. The fragments show that the commonest form was the shallow bowl. See ante, pp. 17, 18, Pis. XXVI., XXVII. I have added a few draw- ings (PI. XXXII. 10-15, 18, 19),one(12)showing a spiral design that is interesting and may be of J^g&au. origin (see also p. 2G).
A few fragments were found where two tones of blue were used, one a light turquoise and the other a deep purple blue. These pieces were executed with the greatest skill, and the colours were in scale-shaped cloisons, made probably by engraving the paste of the
frit. I think these were the finest pieces of Egyptian glazed ware that have yet been found (see p. 18).^
The design on the bowls is always drawn in a purple-black colour that was probably obtained from oxide of manganese. The design is usually an outline drawing, but sometimes the spaces are filled in with solid colour. Beads and other things arc rarely found that are completely covered with the manganese colour. A very common subject is a pond of zigzag water in the bottom of the bowl, and from it the lotus flowers are represented as growing. At times the subject is a few fish, either with or without the pond.
The frit of which the bowls are made seems to have no clay in it, and it is so fragile that it is probable that they were little used for domestic purposes. This is borne out also by the numbers found at Deir el-Bahari and at Sarabit el-Khadim in Sinai, as compared with the scarcity of them in tombs or in town sites, though there are a certain number found both in tomlis and in town rubbish.
In addition to the small beads and bowls there were numerous other objects made with the blue glaze. The fragments of hollow spheres, decorated by purple-black and l)lue segments, are mentioned on page 17. We were puzzled for a long time by a large number of flat pieces of glaze about two inches long, and of the general form of a willow leaf, but with a broken base. These, I found out later, were set in clay models of the lower part of a lotus, and formed a blue mass of petals on the top.
The other things made of frit and decorated
' [With this opinion 1 should he incHned to agree. Fine specimens of this inlay ware, which I have already mentioned on p. 18, are in the Britisli Museum (nos. 41023-4, 41032-.J, 43163). These show designs of zigzags as well as scales. They are too fragmentary to determine the shape of the vessels of which they formed part. A complete bowl or vase of this inlay glaze-ware would be a magnificent object. None such, however, is known, and, so far as I am aware, these fragmentary specimens are the only ones yet found of this remarkable fabric. — H. K. H.]
30
THE XIth dynasty TEMPLE AT DEIR EL-BAHARI.
with glaze were the small votive cows, hadly made and of only a few inches in length, votive ears (PI. XXXII. 20, 21, etc.), small plaques with the face of the goddess Hatlior (PI. XXX 1 1., no. l),and a few phalli and other objects already described by ]\Ir. Hall in Chapter IV.
The sjjecial relation of blue colour with the goddess cannot lie doubted. A very Ijeautiful piece of yellow glaze was found, part of a solid ball of faience (Brit. Mus., no. 43162), but it was the only large fragment not of blue.
As the invention of glass is probably the greatest contribution that Egypt made to the material civilization of the world, and as its invention probably came through the working of blue glaze for the worship of Ilathor, it is clear that the Valley of Ilathor, who loved the turquoise, should l)e reckoned among the great places of the world.
On Pis. XXX., XXXI. I illustrate a class of votive ofl'ering which, I believe, has, as Mr. Hall says (p. 15), been found only near this temple, viz., the painted picture on linen cloth. These are painted in tempera on heavy cloth. The surface was prepared by a thin layer of white being painted over the whole surface. The design was outlined in black, or occasionally in red, and then filled in with colour. The inscrip- is in black. The cloth is fringed on one or more sides. The subject is always a votive scene, where a man, usually accompanied by his wife and family, makes an offering to Ilathor. The goddess is usually represented in her cow form, sometimes in a boat, sometimes just appearing from the Deir el-Bahari cliff. In a few examples she is represented in her human form (see PI. XXXI. 3, 4).
Here and there in the rubbish we found tools that the workmen had lost, or perhaps thrown away (see p. 18 ff.). The chisels were of large size, with a splayed out cutting edge. The general form was much like our modern chisel. The mallets were very numerous, probably fifty were found altogether. The handle was in one
piece with the rather jiineapple-shaped hitting part (see PI. XXXI II., no. 2). The wood is acacia. On the same plate is a drawing of a wooden pick, of which perhaps a dozen were found. The blade was still fastened to the handle with its rope of palm fibre. This simple- looking tool is really very cunningly made, as may be seen if the angle of the strain be noted.
A considerable number of brushes for the use of the sculptors were found (PI. XXXIII., no. 9). They were made by twisting a small cord of palm fil)re round strands of the same nuiterial, so as to form a roll about three ((uarters of an inch in diameter. When a brush was desired, a few inches were cut off from this roll, the two ends were unwound for about two inches, the piece was then doubled over, and the loose ends of the cord were tied around both ends of the fibre.
Two other objects connected with the building operations were wooden clamps and pieces of wood prepared to l)e the ends of lines. The clamps were found in small numbers, but were probably considerably used during the XIth Dynasty, as many stones were cut to receive them. Mortar was in common use, so these were not always required (PI. XXXIII., no. 5). In the same plate, no. 41, is what we thought were the ends of lines used by the architects. The wood is well polished by the hands of the users. In a few cases the cord was still wound around the stick, and one end was still coming out through the hole (see p. 2G).
A considerable number of rough sketches were found. The majority were made on chips of limestone with black paint and a ])rush. A few bore red crosslines, put over the sketch to enable the artist to transfer it to a wall without extra trouble (see PI. XXXIII., nos. G, 10, 13). No. 14 of the same plate is probably a rough plan of a house. No. 1 of this plate is a potsherd on which a star has been very carefully drawn. This is the form of star used frequently in ceiling decoration, and also where it was desirable to
APPENDIX.
:n
show that the scene l)ek)w was separated from tlie ouc above — under a difl'erent sky.
A very elaborate sketch that we found shows the laying out f)f a pyramid. The space is divided into small squares, and on these the pyramid was drawn.
Even during tlie excavation of the great XVIlIth Dynasty temple the workmen were constantly finding small and roughly-carved wooden figures that were known to belong to wooden models like those found in Xlth and Xlltli Dynasty tombs. At the entrance to the great royal tomb, or La sanctuary, in the Xlth Dynasty temple we found many baskets of these little models. As a rule they were not over six inches high. The work was rough, the arms pegged on and shapeless, and the painting of the features, such as the eyes, very careless. The majority of the figures were painted with yellow ochre, the hnir, eyes, etc., being in black. A few were painted red with the black. If any loin- cloth was shown it was painted white. When we at last entered the great granite chamber, the whole floor was littered with these fissures. Three broken model boats, pieces of granaries, figures of labourers, scribes, beer jars, l)ake ovens, baskets of grain, and other farm produce were lying mixed up with scores of pieces of broken bows, arrows, clubs, and innumerable shreds of very fine linen. The debris was more than a foot thick, and there was not an object that had not been broken as maliciously as possible. The bows had been beautifully made, and of a very good and hard wood ; they were of the ordinary Middle Empire type, long and thin, better suited for throwing an arrow with a long, slow curved flight than at great sjjeed. One arrow had the wings carved in wood, and they were so carved that the arrow would rotate like a rifle bullet
(see PI. XXXIir., no. 40). No. .39 is a double barbed arrow-point. This is the only one of its kind I have ever seen.
A few figures were found of which the carving was good. Tlie dificrcnce between the.sc and the ordinary run of the type was very great, as, not only was the work carefully done, but they showed a good deal of artistic skdl, and were particularly vigorous (see the figures illustrated in IMr. Hall's PI. XIX.; one, a figure of a dignitary, without wig, wearing a long apron, and standing with cro.sscd arms (Brit. j\Ius., no. 470:58) is not illustrated). Wc found only three or four pieces of bone, fragments of a skull, a half of a lower jaw-l)one, and a small piece probably of a leg-bone. These were black, and looked as if they had been covered with Intumcn after the flesh had been removed.'
In the shrine where wc found the great statue of the Ilathor-cow (Part I., ch. VI.) the only other objects were many basketsfuU of roughly- carved wooden phalli that had been placed on the floor around the statue. A few of the same kind had been found in the rul)bisli at some distance from the shrine.
' [These are in the British Museum (no. 49457), with a fragment of a coffin (not certainly found in the " tomb "), on which seem to appear the signs of the king's Horus- name (no. 4762G). A wooden figure of the king seated in state, wearing the white crown, in his funerary boat was assigned, I believe, to the Museum of Geneva. The British Museum has the lower portion of a similar figure, with the roof of the canopy above it, and the hull of a similar boat. The best boat with rowers wont to America (PI. XIX. 2) ; a second is at (Jencva. The British Museum has a good set of the fragments of bows and arrows found, and some good specimens have gone to the University Museum at Kyoto. Certainly if this hypogaeum was not an actual tomb, it was provided with all the usual aj>])urteiiaiices of a royal burial at the time. — H. 11. H.]
INDEX
INDEX TO PAET III.
Abraham, bishop of Eraient, 20.
AmenothOs, as god, 19.
Amulets, 11, 16.
Angel, Coptic clrawing of an, 21.
Anows (Xlth Dynasty), 26, 31.
el-Asasif, 19.
Assyrian, mentioned on an ostrakon, 18.
Athlete, stele of the, 20.
Baskets, 18.
Beads (XVIIIth Dynasty), 17, 28; bead-work, 25; bead- making, 29.
Blue glaze, 15, 28 if.
Boats, model (Xlth Dynasty), 31.
Bonos, fragments of, 31.
Bowls, gla/.cd, H.
Bows, 31.
Bread, ancient, 18, 21.
Britain, XVIIIth Dynasty Egyptian beads in Bronze Age graves in, 17.
Bronze plaqucK, 16 ; tools, IH, 2f).
Brushes, palm-libre, 30.
Burton. Mr., photograph by, 27.
Chisels, 18, 20, 30.
Clamps, wooden, 30
Cloths, painted votive, 15, 30.
Cones, funerary, 19.
Coptic objects, ostraka, etc., 20.
Coral, 18.
Cow of Hathor, 14.
Crete, analogies with, 16, 18.
Cross, Coptic, 27.
Diduaa, son of Hataai, stele of, 4.
Djaui, statue of, 7.
Drawings on limestone, 18, 25.
Ear and eye amulets, 16.
Faience, 14 £f., 17 n. ' (see also " Glaze ").
Faras, Hathor-temple at, relics from, 14, 16.
Flower-headdress, royal, 23.
Foot-graffiti of pilgrims, 24.
Fruit, shells of, 18 ; votive models of, 17.
Glass, invention of, 30. Glaze, 16, 17, 28 ; inlaid, 29. Graving-tool, 18. Greek ostraka, 19.
Hathor, 28 ; Hathor-cow, figures of, 14 ; Hathor-heads, 25. Hathoric figures, 14. Hatshepsu, scarabs of, 14. Hieratic ostraka, 19.
Imouthes, worship of, 19. Incense-gum {('niti), 1, 18.
Jto-tomb of King Mentuhetep, objects from, 24, 31. Kemsit, tomb of, 9. Kenioi, 15, 25.
Lake, in Wiltshire, discoveries at, 17. Letters, Coptic, 20. Libyans, reliefs of, 23. Limestone ostraka, 18, 20.
Mallets, 18, 30.
Meritamon, queen, 19.
Models (Xlth Dynasty) from tombs, 31.
Monastery, Coptic, of S. Phoibammon, 20.
Mortar, 30.
Moustache-cups, IB.
Necklaces, 17.
Nehi, viceroy of Nubia, statue of, 3.
Nutmeg, shells of, 18.
Ostraka, Hieratic, Greek, and Coptic, 18 ff.
36
INDKX.
Paintings, wall, in tomb of Kemsit, 9.
Paiseru (Paser), viceroy of Nubia, statues of, 5.
Pan-graves, 29.
Phalli, 30, 31.
Phylakopi (Melos), 18 ii. '.
Pilgrims' grafliti, 24.
Plant-designs, 18.
Pottery, 15, 18.
Punite, relief of a, 23.
Rameses II. and Queen Nefertari, fragment of figure, 6. Restorations by Rameses II., 18. Ring-stands, pottery, 15.
Sankhkara, bead of, 14.
Sa-Hathor, relief of, 23.
Sarabit el-Khadim, Hathor-worship at, 14, 28.
Scarabs, 14.
Segmental beads, 17.
Senusrit III., statues of 10 ; stele of, 23 ; scarab of, 14.
Set, relief of (Xlth Dynasty), 23.
Shells of fruit in XVIIIth Dynasty deposit, 18.
Sinai, Ilatlior worship at, 14, 2K.
Siphtah, relief of, 23.
Skulls (Xlth Dynasty), 24.
Small objects, 13 ff.
Statues, votive, 1, 24 ; of Senusrit III., 10.
Steatite, glazed, 14.
Stein, Sir M. A., discoveries of, 21.
Tan Hill, in Wiltshire, discoveries at, 17.
Tax-receipts, Roman, 21.
Thothmes I., sanctuary of, 24.
Tools, 18.
Turkestan, analogies with, 21.
Turquoise, 19, 28.
Tutankhamon, 3.
Twelfth Dynasty, .art of, 9.
Usihat, stele of, 3.
Victor, Apa, 20.
Votive offerings, 1 ff., 13 ff.
Wall-paintiug, in tomb of Kemsit, 9.
PLATES,
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PLATE IV.
VOTIVE STATUES WITH INSCRIPTIONS. LATE MIDDLE KINGDOM TO XIXth DYNASTY.
PLATE V.
VOTIVE STATUES AND INSCRIPTIONS: XVIIITH DYNASTY AND LATER.
PLATE VI.
VOTIVE STELAE: LATE MIDDLE KINGDOM TO XIXth DYNASTY.
PLATE VI
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FRAGMENTS OF STELAE AND PYRAMIDIA: XVlllTH DYNASTY.
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XITH DYNASTY SCULPTURES.
PLATE XI
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XlTH DYNASTY SCULPTURES.
PLATE XIV.
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MISCELLANEOUS SCULPTURE; XIth XIX^h DYNASTY.
PLATE XV.
fi?V-»'j»«fr^';*';Ti!:«?i!i
STELE OF SENUSRIT III.
STELE OF THOTHMES.
TEMPLE-RELIEF.
THOTHMES III. AND HATHOR.
PLATE XVI
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MISCELLANEOUS FIGURES AND INSCRIPTIONS: XVIIITH -XIXTH DYNASTY.
PLATE XVII
[409S3]
VOTIVE PORTRAIT OF A PRIEST (?): XVIIIth DYNASTY.
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PLATE XVI
HEADS OF VOTIVE FIGURES: MIDDLE KINGDOM (?> AND XVIIITH DYNASTY.
PLATE XIX.
FROM THE KA-TOMB OF KINO MCNTUIILTEP.
FROM THE KA-TOMB.
FROM VARIOUS TOMBS.
LOAF OF BREAD. OBJECTS FROM XIth DYNASTY TOMBS.
PLATE XX.
..i«;rf-i^>?3:*-t^
SKULLS FROM XlTH DYNASTY TOMBS.
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TRIAL DRAWINGS, ETC.: XVIIIth-XIXth DYNASTY,
PLATE XXIII,
VOTIVE POTTERY: XVIIIth DYNASTY.
PLATE XXIV.
VOTIVE OBJECTS: XVIIlTH DYNASTY.
1 : 2
PLATE XXV.
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VOTIVE OBJECTS: XVIIIth DYNASTY.
PLATE XXVI.
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BLUE GLAZED WARE: XVIIITH DYNASTY.
PLATE XXVll.
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BLUE GLAZED AND PAINTED WARE; BEADS, ETC.: XVIIITH DYNASTY.
PLATE XXVI
MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTS: XVIIIth-XXth DYNASTY.
PLATE XXIX.
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TOOLS AND IMPLEMENTS: XVIIIth DYNASTY TO RAMESSIDE PERIOD.
PLATE XXX.
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VOTIVE OBJECTS: XVIIIth DYNASTY.
PLATE XXXII
;72
MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTS: XIth-XXth DYNASTY AND ROMAN.
PLATE XXXIV.
MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTS: ROMAN AND COPTIC.
PLATE XXXV.
1. CLEARING THE TEMPLE PLATFORM: THE SHOOTS AT WORK IN THE SOUTHERN COURT
~|
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4. GRAFFITO OF BULL: NORTH LOWER COLONNADE.
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2 ANCIENT TREE-TRUNK EMBEDDED IN THE PYRAMID-BASE.
3, XXIST-XXIIND DYN.; MUMMY FROM AN INTRUDED BURIAL IN THE TEMPLE-RUBBISH.
5. RESTORATION-INSCRIPTION OF RAMESES II. ON AN XIth dYN, COLUMN.
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6. GENERAL VIEW OF THE TWO TEMPLES: FROM THE SOUTH,
PLATE XXXVI.
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