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Volume 24 V, ma as 1970 Number 1 De RMN

JOURNAL,

of the

LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY

Published quarterly by THE LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY Publié par LA SOCIETE DES LEPIDOPTERISTES Herausgegeben von DER GESELLSCHAFT DER LEPIDOPTEROLOGEN

26 March 1970

THE LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY

EDITORIAL COMMITTEE

D. F. Harpwick, Editor of the Journal C. V. Covet, Editor of the News S. A. Hesse., Manager of the Memoirs

EXECUTIVE COUNCIL

E. B. Forp (Oxford, England ), President

C. L. Remincron (New Haven, Conn. ), President-elect L. P. Brower (Amherst, Mass.), Ist Vice President

L. M. Martin (Prescott, Ariz.), Vice President

J. W. TiwpvEN (San Jose, Calif.), Vice President

S. S. Nicotay (Virginia Beach, Va.), Treasurer

J. C. Downey (Cedar Falls, Ia.) Secretary

Members at large (three year term): W. C. McGurrin (Ottawa, Ont.) 1971 J. F. G. Cuarxe (Washington, D.C.) 1970 Y. Nexrurenxo (Kiev, U.S.S.R.) 1971 H. K. Cuencu (Pittsburgh, Penna.) 1970 B. Matuer (Jackson, Miss.) 1972

B. Wricut (Halifax, N.S.) 1970 M. Ocata (Osaka, Japan) 1972

A. E. Brower (Augusta, Me.) 1971 E. C. Wextuinc (Merida, Mexico) 1972

The object of the Lepidopterists’ Society, which was formed in May, 1947 and formally constituted in December, 1950, is “to promote the science of lepidopterology in all its branches, . . . to issue a periodical and other publications on Lepidoptera, to facilitate the exchange of specimens and ideas by both the professional worker and the amateur in the field; to secure cooperation in all measures” directed towards these aims.

Membership in the Society is open to all persons interested in the study of Lepidoptera. All members receive the Journal and the News of the Lepidopterists’ Society. Institutions may subscribe to the Journal but may not become members. Prospective members should send to the Treasurer full dues for the current year, together with their full name, address, and special lepidopterological interests. In alternate years a list of members of the Society is issued, with addresses and special interests. There are four numbers in each volume of the Journal, scheduled for February, May, August and November, and eight numbers of the News each year.

Active members—annual dues $8.00 Student members—annual dues $5.00 Sustaining members—annual dues $15.00 Life members—single sum $125.00 Institutional subscriptions—annual $10.00

Send remittances, payable to The Lepidopterists’ Society, and address changes to: S. S. Nicolay, 1500 Wakefield Dr., Virginia Beach, Virginia, 23455.

The Lepidopterists’ Society is a non-profit, scientific organization. The office of publication is Yale University, Peabody Museum, New Haven, Connecticut 06520. Second class postage paid at Lawrence, Kansas, U.S.A. 66044.

JOURNAL OF

Tue LerrporprTreRIsts’ SOCIETY

Volume 24 1970 Number 1

NEW RECORDS FOR NEW JERSEY WITH NOTES OF OTHER SCARCE CAPTURES IN 1967

Jos—EPpH MULLER R.D. #1, Lebanon, New Jersey

Extensive aerial spraying against gypsy moths and mosquitoes, as well as air pollution may have been instrumental in an apparent sharp decline of Lepidoptera and most other orders of insects in New Jersey during 1968. Hundreds of blooming milkweed (Asclepias) did not attract a single butterfly in Cape May. Just as poor was blacklight and bait collecting in different localities in the State. Many larvae, not accepting their favorite food, died. This, my poorest collecting season in 25 years, induced me to write this paper.

In 1967, fourteen species not previously taken by the author in New Jersey were collected; these included seven species new for the State. Following is an annotated list of the most interesting captures.

SATYRIDAE

Euptychia mitchellii (French). A series was collected near Newton, July 13-19. These dates are a few days later than in previous years. Though similar habitats have been investigated in northern New Jersey, no other colony has been discovered.

Lethe eurydice eurydice (Johanson). A few years ago F. Rutkowski discovered this species in a wet meadow near Newton. This season a series was collected by Rutkowski and the author, July 13-19. In- dividuals from this population are pale, with eyespots small and the postmedian band on the underside serrate and irregular. About a mile from this meadow is a wooded swamp where the darker subspecies, L. e. appalachia Chermock, flies. This subspecies has darker upper- and undersides, larger eyespots, and a rounded instead of serrate and irregular postmedian band on the underside. Each subspecies seems to be limited

2 JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY

to its own slightly different habitat. The latter subspecies has not previously been reported from the State. Cercyonis pegala alope, form “maritima” (Edwards). Lakehurst, July 4.

LYCAENIDAE

Euristrymon ontario ontario (Edwards). To my knowledge not more than six E. ontario had been collected in New Jersey before 1967. After the discovery of a new area at Lakehurst with dogbane (Apocynum) in bloom, 17 specimens were caught on July 1 and 4 by several collectors. Most of the hairstreaks were netted on dogbane, although milkweed (Asclepias) was plentiful. This area is surrounded by several species of oak (Quercus), wild cherry (Prunus), and crab apple (Crataegus). In the hope of obtaining eggs, five females of ontario were kept alive for several weeks, with dogbane flowers and sugarwater provided for food. Although the butterflies were confined with oak, wild cherry, and crab apple, all died without ovipositing.

Satyrium calanus falacer, ab. “heathii” (Fletcher). In the same meadow where Thymelicus lineola form “pallida” and Euristrymon ontario were found, one individual of S. c. falacer, ab. “heathii” was collected by F. Rutkowski on July 1. This specimen shows a bluish border on the underside of both fore and hindwings. This form has not been reported from New Jersey previously.

Satyrium liparops strigosus (Harris). Three individuals with orange- brown patches on the upperside of the forewings were collected at Lakehurst on July 4 by F. Rutkowski and the author. These were netted along the railroad tracks where only a few plants of dogbane were growing. The blossoms attracted mostly S. lL. strigosus, while other hairstreaks were scarce.

Lycaena phlaeas americana, ab. “fasciata” Strecker. In a large meadow near Cassville, F. Rutkowski and the author found this species very numerous. One aberrant individual, with elongated spots, was discovered among several hundred which were examined.

HESPERIIDAE

Thymelicus lineola, form “pallida” Tutt. Although this introduced species is widely distributed throughout New Jersey, the pale form “pallida” was not recorded here before J. B. Ziegler and the author caught eight specimens at Lakehurst on July 1. Four more specimens were taken at the same locality on July 4, and more were seen.

VOLUME 24, NUMBER 1 3

NOCTUIDAE

Acronicta rubricoma Guenée. Black light; Lakehurst, June 4.

Acronicta dactylina Grote, melanic form. Black light; Lebanon, June 27. A new record for the State.

Eurois occulta Linnaeus. Black light; Montague, August 27. Oncocnemis saundersiana Grote. Black light; Lebanon, October 28. Agrotis buchholzi Barnes & Benjamin. Black light, Lakehurst, June 4. Eupsilia morrisoni Grote. Black light; Lebanon, November 18 and 23.

Neperigea costa Barnes & Benjamin. Black light; Montague, July 27. A new record for the State.

Magusa orbifera, “divaricata” Grote. Black light, Lebanon, August 21.

Amolita roseola Smith. Black light; Montague, July 30. A new record for the State.

Abrostola urentis Guenée. Black light; Montague, October 10.

Catocala maestosa Hulst. Bait trap; Lebanon, August 28. A new record for the State.

Zale phaeocapna Franclemont. Black light; Lebanon, April 27. Deter- mined by genitalic dissection. A new record for the State.

Zale metatoides McDunnough. Black light; Montague, June 10. A new record for the State.

Gabara pulverosalis Walker. Black light; Lakehurst August 14. A new record for the State.

Rivula propingalis Guenée. Black light; Lebanon, October 28. I wish to thank C. F. dos Passos and A. E. Brower for determining some

of the specimens.

A NEW SUBSPECIES OF BREPHIDIUM EXILIS FROM YUCATAN (LEPIDOPTERA: LYCAENIDAE )

Harry K. CLENCH Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213

Some years ago Eduardo C. Welling, of Mérida, Yucatan, México, sent me a few specimens of a Brephidium he had taken on the north coast of Yucatan. It was obvious, as soon as they had been examined genitalically, that they represented exilis Boisduval, but they belonged to

4 JoURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY

Fig. 1. Brephidium exilis yucateca Clench. Top left, male holotype, upperside; top right, same specimen, underside. Bottom left, female paratype, Progreso, Yucatan, 15.x.1958, upperside; bottom right, same specimen, underside.

no known subspecies. Publication was deferred, partly in the hope of obtaining additional material, and partly because more information was desirable on the distribution of exilis, particularly along the eastern coast of México. Both of these desiderata have now been filled.

Brephidium exilis yucateca Clench, new subspecies

This new subspecies differs strikingly from both nominate exilis Boisduval and subspecies isophthalma Herrich-Schaffer. It is about the size of B. e. exilis and therefore slightly larger than B. e. isophthalma. Above as dark as isophthalma and darker than, and without golden sheen of nominate exilis.

Hindwing often with row of faint pale (ashen) lunules capping subterminal black spots. Underside of forewing with two sharp and distinct, parallel rows of pale subterminal bars, heavier than pm series (in both e. exilis and isophthalma these usually are fainter than pm series), basal area with two sharp and clear, pale post- basal ring-like marks, one in cell and one in base of Cuz-2A below cell, (nearly always absent in nominate exilis; in isophthalma sometimes absent and some- times present, yet faint, the variability depending, at least to some extent, on the island source). Pm series of forewing below sharper, more distinct, with component bars slightly thicker than in either of other two subspecies; pm area of forewing underside without orange, ground color and dark hindwing discal markings chocolate brown, often grayish, very nearly concolorous with the forewing base (in nominate exilis flushed with golden orange, contrasting sharply with the gray basal area, this golden orange extending over even to the discal brown markings on hindwing; similar in isophthalma, the orange duller and less extensive ).

Holotype male México, Progreso, Yucatan, 15 October 1958 (E. C. Welling ); ( ¢ genitalia slide no. C-824, CM ). Three paratypes, same data; seven paratypes, same locality and collector, XII-3-1962; six paratypes,

VOLUME 24, NUMBER 1 5

Chicxulub Puerto [about 2 km E of Progreso], Yucatan, I-8-1967 (E. C. Welling). All specimens deposited in Camegie Museum, type series no. 516.

Nominate Brephidium exilis has been found over an extremely large area, from Nebraska to Oregon, south in the east to Veracruz and in the west through Baja California, Sonora and Sinaloa. Godman & Salvin (1887, Biol. Centr.-Amer. Rhop. 2: 109) also record it from two salt marshes on the Pacific coast of Guatemala. These specimens should be re-examined to ascertain their subspecific identity.

Large portions of this area are probably inhabited only on a transient basis, for B. e. exilis is a great wanderer. It is doubtful that it can over- winter north of central Texas, or above 3-5000 feet elevation southward. The primary residence areas are in coastal salt flats and salt marshes in arid or semi-arid parts of the Lower Sonoran, Subtropical and Tropical life zones. To some extent, particularly from western Texas to California and probably south into Chihuahua and Coahuila, it may also be a per- manent resident in interior desert areas.

When Lee D. Miller and I went to eastern Mexico in 1966 one of our objectives was to learn as much as we could about the distribution of B. exilis in that region. Between the Brownsville area of southern Texas, where nominate B. exilis occurs, and Progreso, Yucatan, where yucateca is found, lie roughly a thousand miles of coast from which we knew of not a single record of the species. We surveyed coastal areas in as many places as time and accessibility allowed: in the vicinity of Tampico, on the Tamaulipas-Veracruz border; the long stretch from Tecolutla to Cardel; another stretch from near the city of Veracruz south to beyond Alvarado; and the vicinity of Coatzacoalcos. A few years previously Gary N. Ross had visited the coast near the Tuxtla Mountains to search for B. exilis at my request. The results, with one exception, were everywhere the same, no evilis was found, and no suitable environ- ment for it. The one exception was a small area 16 miles north of Cardel where we found a few salt flats, in one of which we collected on January 19, 1966 and found a single individual of nominate B. exilis. This area is an enclave of semi-arid conditions (desert scrub and thorn scrub on the hills back of the flats) and B. exilis is undoubtedly resident here. This locality is widely disjunct from the next suitable area to the north (probably somewhere on the coast of Tamaulipas north of Tampico!). There is also a considerable distance between this colony

1 On our trip we tried to reach this coastal region east of Ciudad Victoria. We got as far as Soto la Marina but were advised that the road from there to the coast, about 30 miles, was impassible.

6 JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY

of nominate B. exilis and the nearest known colony of B. e. yucateca, which is probably a real distributional gap as the intervening area is too mesic in character.

B. exilis yucateca is most likely restricted to the north coast of Yucatan, another enclave of arid to semi-arid conditions. The new subspecies seems to be most closely related to B. e. isophthalma (known from the Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaniola and Jamaica). In many ways B. e. isophthalma is intermediate between B. e. exilis and B. e. yucateca.

Godman & Salvin mention some specimens of exilis from Venezuela, and this record is repeated by Draudt (1921, in Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 5: 820). There are two specimens in the Carnegie Museum that may possibly be from Venezuela. They come from the Holland Collection, and Holland obtained them from Staudinger. They bear no locality data, but the same style of labelling occurs on some other material of probable Venezuelan origin. In any event these two specimens seem to represent a new subspecies, nearer to B. e. yucateca than to either B. e. exilis or B. e. isophthalma.

AN INTERESTING NEW SPECIES OF THE NEW WORLD GNORIMOSCHEMINI (GELECHIIDAE) FROM THE LESSER ANTILLES

Daxror F. PovoLny

Department of Zoology, College of Agriculture, Brno, Czechoslovakia

Several years ago, I had the opportunity of studying interesting ma- terial of the tribe Gnorimoschemini in the Naturhistorisches Museum in Vienna. Among their series of this difficult gelechiid group I discovered a small form which I could not identify. After later study of numerous American species (Povolny, 1967) and a detailed consideration of this specimen I decided to describe this moth as a new species belonging to the genus Keiferia Busck, 1939.

Keiferia rusposoria Povolny, new species In general appearance this is a small brownish moth, having the fore- wings dusted with minute darkish scales, forming an indistinct pattern. Labial palpus not too slender, lacking scales on second segment, its outer surface

markedly grey spotted, inner surface nearly uniform pale cream, third segment pale with two (one basal and one subterminal) rings of dark grey scales. Frons bright,

VoLUME 24, NUMBER | 7

Fig. 1. Pattern of the forewing of Keiferia rusposoria Povolny.

patagia brownish. Antennal segments brown with distinct dark rings. Forewing (fig. 1) superficially with ground colour brown; under low magnification individual

scales light to brown, mixed with single scales having dark brown to black tips; irregular groups of these dark scales forming an indistinct pattern of dark dots disseminated irregularly over wing; marginal dots around apex more distinct (these dots characteristic of the tribe). Hindwing medium-grey with fine fringe scales; costal margin near base with a group of long, brightly coloured bristles, nearly half as long as costa. Underside of coxae and femora pale cream, nearly uniform, with only isolated dark scales. Tibiae and tarsi markedly bright and dark spotted to ringed.

Length of forewing, 3.8 mm.

Male genitalia (fig. 2) characteristic of the genus Keiferia with the heavy thorn- like process on uncus, which is seldom found elsewhere in members of the Gnorimoschemini. Other structures of the male genitalia, especially the sacculus and its processes, also demonstrate the close relationship between the new species and Keiferia lycopersicella (Walsingham ).

Holotype male: West Indies, Grenada, Balthazar (Windward side), (H. H. Smith) Walsingham Collection, 1910-427 65173. Deposited in Naturhistorisches Museum in Vienna.

Keiferia rusposoria may be best distinguished from the two other mem- bers of the genus, K. lycopersicella and the very similar K. elmorei (Keifer) by differences in the male genitalia (figs. 2, 3). The thorn-like process of the uncus is heavier in the new species than in K. lycopersicella, being only a little shorter than the tips of valvae. In K. rusposoria the valvae are straight, not S-shaped. The paired processes of the sacculus are present, but the medial pair is tiny with its branches separated by a shallow indentation, whereas the other pair of saccular processes is very long and slender. The saccus is substantially shorter than that of K. lycopersicella, being comparatively thick with the tip rounded. The aedeagus is also visibly different from that of K. lycopersicella, being shorter without the characteristic inflation of the caecum aedeagi, and moderately curved.

As for the taxonomic position of K. rusposoria, it appears clear that the species is congeneric with K. lycopersicella but represents a second distinctive morphotype of the genus. From the polyphagous species K.

lycopersicella, Keifer (1936) distinguished a slightly different species,

8 JouRNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY

Fig. 2. Male genitalia of Keiferia rusposoria Povolny, Holotype, Balthazar, Grenada, West Indies.

Keiferia elmorei. The separation of this sibling from K. lycopersicella is based on its specialization to indigenous Solanum species in California.

Keiferia rusposoria was collected on Grenada, Lesser Antilles, and thus might represent a species originating by long-standing geographic isola- tion. The native distribution of K. lycopersicella, which is referred to as the “tomato pinworm,” is not known; as the species has been secondarily introduced as a pest to many parts of Central and South America, and the West Indies, where it perhaps originally did not occur.

The discovery of K. rusposoria is therefore of high interest, as it is a

VoLUME 24, NUMBER 1 9

Fig. 3. Male genitalia of Keiferia lycopersicella (Walsingham, 1897), Lectotype (British Museum (Natural History) London) St. Croix, Dan. West Indies.

very distinct species of a genus, which appeared to be monomorphic so EME

According to Jerry A. Powell, University of California, Berkeley, to whom I feel greatly obliged for his cooperation in revision of the manuscript, H. H. Smith collected important material of “microlepidop- tera” for the British Museum (Natural History) in various parts of the New World before and after the turn of the century. The windward side of the small island Grenada in the Lesser Antilles is the east-facing side.

10 JourNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY

The specimen might have been sent by Walsingham to Rebel from London to Vienna, because Rebel was dealing also with the former collective genus “Lita auct.,” to which this species belonged.

LITERATURE CITED

Kemer, H. H., 1936. California Microlepidoptera. X. Mo. Bull. Calif. Dept. Agric., 25: 349-359.

Povotny, D., 1967. Genitalia of some Nearctic and Neotropic members of the tribe Gnorimoschemini (Lep., Gel.). Acta ent. Mus. Nat. Pragae, 37: 51-126.

A NEW PERISAMA (NYMPHALIDAE: CALLICORINI) FROM BOLIVIA

Joun H. Masters! Box 7511, St. Paul, Minnesota

During 1962-63, Franz Steinbach, of Cochabamba, Bolivia, consigned to me 395 specimens of Perisama Doubleday (including Orophila Staud- inger) collected near Alto Palmar, Chapare Province, Bolivia. The “Perisama comnena” in this group were particularly interesting because they apparently included two distinct phenotypes; one characterized by the normal large red basal patch on the ventral surface of the forewing, the other without it. This is the type of variation that is normally as- sociated with geographical subspecies; however, both forms were sympatric at Alto Palmar. An examination of the male genitalia demonstrated that the two “forms” were in reality distinct species and, after a canvass of the literature, I am of the opinion that the second species is heretofore unnamed.

Perisama rusea Masters, new species

Mae: Upperside of both wings deep-black ground; iridescent green rays extending outwardly from base of forewing, along base of discal cell and vein 2V, until they almost meet a diagonal iridescent green band, 2 to 3 mm wide, which crosses the wing from costal margin, at end of cell to inner margin at tornus; one (occasionally two) iridescent green spot(s) in subapical area, near costal margin. Hindwing with an iridescent green band, 2mm wide, extending through limbal area parallel to outer margin.

Underside of forewing with dull black ground color except for a golden apex;

base of wing with a small golden patch, confined primarily to cell and not over 8 mm long, having a tint of red at its outer margin; from this golden patch, a blue-green streak extends along costal margin of cell to a white triangular patch at end of cell

which in turn precedes three small blue spots, in cells M2, M3 and Cui, which form

| Research Associate, Section of Insects and Spiders, Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh.

VOLUME 24, NUMBER | Wt

y \) Ea Sy

Cc

Figure 1. Male genitalia of Perisama rusea Masters: (A) left lateral view of genital capsule with inside surfaces shaded; aedeagus (B) removed and_ the gonostatumen (C) detached and rotated 90° to view ventrally. Male genitalia of Perisama comnena Hewitson: (D) left lateral view of uncus and tegumen, (E) aedeagus and (F) ventral view of gonostatumen.

a diagonal line towards tornus. Underside of hindwing a uniform golden base color; two wavy black lines extending from costal margin, where they are at least 2 mm apart, to vannal veins where they stop short of anal margin (the eminens pattern, Schwanwitsch, 1930) with no trace of vestigial eyespots between them.

Male genitalia (figue 1A-C) very distinct from allied species; aedeagus relatively short (approximately 2 mm long) and not over 75% as long as gonostatumen (Dillon, 1948) which is distinctly heart shaped anteriorally.

FEMALE: Similar to male but larger and markings for most part, bolder but with duller colors. The eminens lines, on hindwing underside, meet on costal margin and between them five golden-brown eyespots, in cells Ms, Me, discal, Cu: and Cup, faintly visible.

LENGTH OF FoREWwING: Male holotype, 21 mm; female allotype, 23 mm.

Holotype male and allotype female: Bolivia, Alto Palmar, Chapare Province, District of Cochabamba, 1,100 meters elevation, March 1963. Types deposited in Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh.

Paratypes: 22 males from the same locality, various dates, 1962 and 1963. Single paratypes are being placed in the American Museum of Natural History, New York; The U.S. National Museum, Washington; The Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard, Cambridge, Massachu-

12 JoURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY

Figure 2. Perisama rusea new species, paratype male, Alto Palmar, Chapare, Bolivia, March 1963: (G) upperside and (H) underside. Perisama comnena Hewitson, Alto Palmar, Chapare, Bolivia, April 1963: (J) upperside and (K) under- side.

setts; and the Reading Public Museum, Reading, Pennsylvania. The remainder are being retained in the author's collection.

Perisama rusea (figure 2G-H) is immediately distinguishable from Perisama comnena Hewitson (figure 2J-K) by the lack of the large red basal spot on the ventral surface of the forewings; from Perisama xanthica Hewitson by the presence of the green limbal band on the dorsal surface of the hindwing and by a much smaller golden patch at the base of the ventral surface of the forewing; and from Perisama humboldtii Guer. by the lack of punctiform eyespots on the ventral surface of the hindwing and a large red basal spot on the ventral surface of the forewing. All four of these species are sympatric at Alto Palmar, Bolivia and all have distinc- tive male genitalia. Examination of several series of P. comnena from Peru did not reveal any P. rusea among them.

Examination of the male genitalia in Perisama and related genera (Callicorini) reveals that the uncus, tegumen, saccus, aedeagus and

VOLUME 24, NUMBER 1 eS

gonostatumen all have diagnostic characters at the species level. It is suprising that previous use has not been made of them. In his revision of the Callicorini (as Catagrammini), Dillon (1948) characterized the male genitalia in his definition of the tribe, but did not use them to diagnose species. The gonostatumen is an interesting structure that is found only in the Callicorini, including Callithea Feisthamel. It was named by Dillon (1948) who believed it to be a modification of the eighth sternite and to function as a prop for the usual genital organs.

LITERATURE CITED

Ditton, L. S., 1948. The tribe Catagrammini (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Part I. The genus Catagramma and allies. Reading Public Museum Scientific Publ., No. 8: 1-113.

ScuwanwitscuH, B. N., 1930. Studies upon the wing-pattern of Catagramma and related genera of South American nymphalid butterflies. Trans. Zool. Soc. London, 21: 105-284.

MULTIPLE CAPTURE OF CARIA INO MELICERTA (RIODINIDAE) AT LIGHT

-LeE D. MILLER The Allyn Foundation, 222 West Adams Bldg., Chicago, Illinois

A rather extensive bibliography has accumulated concerning butter- flies that have been attracted to light. Most recent records have been of captures at ultraviolet light, such as reported by Throne (1961) and Welling (1963). Most of these records involve single specimens, but there have been a few instances of multiple captures of butterflies (Donahue, 1962; Phillips, 1962; Welling, 1963; and Hessel, 1965), for example. Some of the collections have been at ultraviolet light, some at fluorescent and a few at incandescent light.

There seem to be two explanations for the attraction of butterflies to light: (1) the butterflies were at rest, were disturbed and these flew to the light source, and (2) the butterflies are crepuscular species and were attracted to the light as are many crepuscular Sphingidae and other moths. Most of the records fall into the first category, and they almost always are based on one or two specimens; the majority of the captures I have made at light are in this class, both in the United States and in the Neotropics. Several of the multiple captures, especially those of Opsiphanes (Welling, 1963) and Melanitis (Donahue, 1962), are of

14 JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY

crepuscular species, and the captures of Hypaurotis reported by Hessel (1965) involve a species that is definitely not heliophilic during midday hours and continues activity into evening (e.g., Chambers, 1963).

During July and August, 1966, I taught a travelling field biology course, and the students and I often trapped moths at ultraviolet light as part of the activities without taking any butterflies. The evening of August 2nd we set up the light at Bentsen-Rio Grande State Park, Hidalgo County, Texas, on a hot (ca. 85° F.), muggy night, and collecting was excellent for moths and other insects. The effectiveness of the ultraviolet lamp was attested to by the fact that very few insects were attracted to the Coleman lantern we used as a camp light about a hundred feet from the moth sheet. I was surprised, therefore, to see a specimen of Caria ino melicerta Schaus, a riodinid, flop down on the table next to the lantern and begin walking slowly over the surface of the tabletop gently opening and half closing its wings until I bottled it. A short time later one of the students took a second specimen at the Coleman lantern, and still later I captured two more specimens that were behaving in the same manner as the first. Another of the students also collected a specimen at an incandescent light in one of the park bath houses. All five melicerta were taken between 9:00 and 11:00 P.M., C.D.T. A check of the insects collected at the ultraviolet light revealed no butterflies, even though hundreds of moths had been taken.

I collected only a single female of C. i. melicerta in two days of col- lecting in the same area in which the five specimens were collected at light. This specimen was netted in deep woods resting under a leaf, and it looked as though this species was crepuscular, or at least helio- phobic. Two hours’ collecting at Bentsen park in September, 1967, yielded about fifty specimens at flowers in the brightest sunlight, so C. i. melicerta is not consistently crepuscular or heliophobic.

These records of this butterfly, I believe, are the first to demonstrate any butterfly making a “choice” between visible and ultraviolet light, and it is intriguing that these insects selected the visible light source. [ have been unable to obtain spectroscopic analyses of the light from a Coleman lantern, but I suspect that the ultraviolet component is minor, as is that of an incandescent light. This demonstrates a phenomenom that is well known, but seldom stated: some insects that will come to visible light are not attracted to ultraviolet light. The advent of ultra- violet light as a collecting aid has greatly increased the numbers of both individuals and species that may be taken during a night’s collecting, but many species of Lepidoptera cannot be obtained by this method.

VOLUME 24, NUMBER 1 15

LITERATURE CITED

CHAMBERS, D. S., 1963. Evening mating in Hypaurotis crysalus (Lycaenidae). J. Lepid. Soc., 16: 200 (“1962”).

DonauuE, J. P., 1962. Observations and records of butterflies attracted to light in India. J. Lepid. Soc., 16: 131-135.

HeEssEx, J. H., 1965. Multiple capture of Hypaurotis crysalus at light. J. Lepid. Soc., 19: 55-56.

Puitures, L. S., 1962. Nymphalis j-album captured at fluorescent light in Chicago. ieleeprdeisoc:, 5: LO]:

TuroneE, A. L., 1961. Lycaenopsis pseudargiolus in light trap. J. Lepid. Soc., 14: DAD:

Wexunc, E. C., 1963. Rhopalocera attracted by ultraviolet light in Central America. J. Lepid. Soc., 17: 37-38.

BIONOMIC NOTES ON HAETERINI AND BIINI IN VENEZUELA (SATYRIDAE)

Joun H. Masters? P.O. Box 7511, St. Paul, Minnesota

HAETERINI

Four genera, Pierella Westwood, Haetera Fabricius, Dulcedo d’Almeida and Cithearias Hubner (= Callitaera Butler), comprise the Haeterini, the most primitive tribe of Satyridae. All of the Haeterini have distinc- tive wing shapes with short, narrow forewings and seemingly enlarged hindwings. Haetera, Cithearias and Dulcedo are the only clear-winged Satyridae (see Figure 1, Cithearias andromeda Fabricius). All of the known species are Neotropical and are found on the forest floors of dense tropical and subtropical forests.

Virtually nothing has been published concerning the habitat and habits of these butterflies. I have found only brief notes by Weymer (in: Seitz, 1909) and Brown (1942). Both mention that these satyrids inhabit forested areas, fly near the ground and are difficult to see or follow in flight. Weymer mentions that members of the genus Cithearias ( given as Callitaera) preter the early morning hours for flight.

After having the opportunity to observe several of these species in Venezuela (1965 and 1966 in Bolivar and 1968 in Barinas), I can add somewhat to these statements. Determinations of my specimens were made by Michael Clifton of the British Museum (Natural History) who is currently preparing a taxonomic revision of the tribe.

The species that I observed seemed to be strictly limited to denser

1 Research Associate, Section of Insects and Spiders, Camegie Museum, Pittsburgh.

16 JoURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY

Figure 1. Cithearias andromeda Fabricius. 88 kilometers south of El Dorado, Bolivar, Venezuela; 20 Feb. 1966 (J.H.M.) Natural Size.

selva (low and tropical forests) where they flew close to the forest floor and nearly always lit on the ground. They were distinctly matinal and crepuscular in habit, flying during both early morning and evening hours. However, Pierella species, and to a lesser extent the others, would fly throughout the day during inclement weather. All of the species were attracted to fruit, but to catch them at it was difficult. Normally fruit bait is placed in the center of a small area from which all leaves and underbrush have been cleared and then those species that are attracted, including Taygetis, Euptychia, Caligo, Morpho, etc., are easily netted. Haetera and Cithearias species are attracted to fruit but will not alight in a cleared patch of ground but will alight around its edge instead where they can be perfectly camouflaged. Of course, if the bait is placed on uncleared ground, they blend into the background so well that they are completely inconspicuous while visiting it. The use of bait traps would seem to be the answer (for a description of bait traps and their use see Rydon, 1964), but the effectiveness of most traps depends upon butterflies to fly upward when disturbed. While most butterflies do fly upward when disturbed, the Haeterini fly horizontally and close to the ground and thus cannot be taken in any ordinary sort of trap. The best method of collecting them is to spread fruit on the ground to attract them into the area, and to then walk through the tract at dusk flushing them and carefully stalking them.

Haetera piera piera ( Linnaeus )

This species was encountered in heavy selva in both Bolivar and Barinas. H. piera, with transparent wings just shaded with yellow, appears ghost-like in flight, just a flicker of yellow moving across the

VOLUME 24, NUMBER 1 IZ

leaves. They fly slowly and alight often, but it is difficult for the eye to follow them in flight and, unless you actually see them alight, they are virtually impossible to detect on the ground. They were usually en- countered as solitary individuals, but the presence of fruit (natural or bait) on the forest floor would concentrate them into a given area. In 1966, a single male of piera was taken at heliotrope (Masters, 1968), a bait normally employed to attract Ithomiidae. This might be another source of evidence of the close phylogenetic relationship of these primi- tive Satyridae to the Ithomiidae, a relationship pointed out by Fox (1956). However rather than being attracted to the heliotrope the satyr was probably attracted to traces of fruit on it as heliotrope and fruit baits had been spread along the trail at the same time.

Cithearias andromeda Fabricius

Cithearias andromeda (=esmeralda Dbl.) was found in the same habitat in Bolivar as H. piera but was much scarcer and less apt to ven- ture into an open area. C. andromeda (figure 1) also has transparent wings, but shaded with purple instead of yellow, a combination that makes it even more difficult to observe and follow in the selva. Its flight is also slow, and apparently its primary defence against predation is the inconspicuous character of nearly colorless, transparent wings.

Pierella astyoche Erichson

This species was encountered in heavy selva in Bolivar but was much more prone to come out along trails or to enter small clearings, thus being much more in evidence and more frequently encountered than H. piera or C. andromeda. Pierella astyoche is a quite active flier and males are fond of flying quickly up and down a forest trail close to the ground. Each male seemed to have its own section of path to patrol and this activity suggests a form of reconnaissance for females. Interest in patrol- ling decreased when fruit was spread on the trail and astyoche was less shy in coming to bait than the clear-winged species. The best method of capturing them, however, was to note the path of a patrolling male and to then wait along it to intercept the butterfly in flight. Peak flight for P. astyoche was from late afternoon until dusk, but a few individuals seemed to fly throughout the day. On cloudy days they would fly in numbers all day long, and, along with Taygetis species, would be virtually the only butterflies encountered on the forest floor.

Pierella hyalinus hyalinus Gmelin

Pierella hyalinus is a large attractive species with deep blue on the

18 JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY

hindwings. P. hyalinus is sympatric with astyoche in Bolivar and has similar habits, but the two could be readily distinguished on the wing because of the large size and blue of the rarer hyalinus.

Bint

A single unique species, Bia actorion (L) (= actoriaena Hubner), comprises the Biini.

Bia actorion actorion ( Linnaeus )

The geographical range of Bia actorion is limited to the lowland rain forests of the Amazon and Orinoco basins. I found the specific habitat preference of B. actorion to be those areas where enough sun penetrates to the forest floor to provide a thick and heavy undergrowth rather than those areas where the canopy is complete and prevents enough sunlight to reach the ground to allow for much undergrowth. Solitary individuals of B. actorion were encountered along trails or in clearings where they would alight about three feet above the ground among underbrush. They quickly fly to the base of a bush when alarmed where they are either perfectly concealed or impossible to get at with a net. Bia actorion is very striking during flight because of the nearly iridescent upper wings that flash in the sunlight, giving the appearance of a miniature Morpho. When the insect alights, the flashing blue suddenly disappears, which undoubtedly adds to the deception as the cryptic undersides blend into the background.

LITERATURE CITED

Brown, F. M., 1942. Notes on Ecuadorian Butterflies, V. J. New York Ent. Soc., 50(4 2 809=380.

Fox, R. M., 1956. A monograph of the Ithomiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 1. Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., 111: 1-76.

Masters, J. H., 1968. Collecting Ithomiidae with heliotrope. J. Lepid. Soc., 222) OSGeo}

Rypon, A., 1964. Notes on the use of butterfly traps in East Africa. J. Lepid. Soc., 17(4): 51-58 (“1963”).

Seitz, A., 1909. Gross-schmetterlinge der Erde, 5. Kernen, Stuttgart.

VOLUME 24, NUMBER | 19

STUDIES ON THE BIOLOGY AND SEASONAL HISTORY OF POLYDORUS ARISTOLOCHIAE (PAPILIONIDAE )

G. H. Munsutr ann S. A. Moiz Agric. College & Agric. Research Institute, Tandojam, West Pakistan

Polydorus aristolochiae (Fabricius) is the commonest large tailed, black butterfly of Indo-Pakistan Subcontinent. At Tandojam, West Paki- stan the larvae have been found in large numbers on Aritolochia bracteata. The biology of this insect has been studied only by Ghosh (1914). The observations recorded by us concerning this species are given in the present paper. The work was under taken during 1962-63 at Tandojam.

Ecc Description

The eggs of Polydorus aristolochiae are laid on the underside, very rarely on the upper surface, of host leaves. A high oviposition rate was ob- served in the months of August and September and again during March and April. Up to five eggs were collected from each leaf.

The chorion is covered with a reddish brown, soft gum like substance, in minute granular masses. The latter are arranged somewhat in undulat- ing ridges meeting at a point. These give the egg the appearance of a citron with the long axis slightly shorter and a little inclined towards one side and never perpendicular to the leaf surface.

Incubation Period

Since the butterflies did not lay eggs in captivity, the incubation period was determined by recording the maximum period required for hatching of eggs collected in the field. The time taken for hatching of the eggs is given in Table 1.

Ghosh (1914) recorded that the incubation period is four to five days from June to September. The results obtained here are in general agree- ment with his observations. Between the months of October and March the incubation period is longer due to lower temperatures.

LARVA

The larva is dark brown, and passes through four instars. The duration of larval stages was studied in the laboratory. The results are presented in Table 2.

It can be seen from table 2 that the duration of larval life varies from 14 to 62 days. The minimum duration was for larvae which hatched in September, 1962. Those hatching in the early part of January, 1963,

20 JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY

TABLE 1. INCUBATION PERIOD OF EGGS OF Polydorus aristolochiae COLLECTED IN THE FIELD

Days re- Estimated Average quired for incubation monthly hatching period Temperature Month of eggs in days (Fahrenheit ) September 2-5 5 Days 75.91 October 3-9 9 Days 69.64 November 2-9 9 Days 73.78 December 2-9 13 Days 60.88 January 8-13 13 Days 60.92 February 4-10 10 Days 69.92 March 3-10 10 Days Tass April 2-6 6 Days 83.75

passed their development during the two coldest months and, hence, their development required 62 days.

Ghosh (1914) has described the prolongation of larval life as hiberna- tion. During our studies at Tandojam, however, larvae continued to feed during this period.

Pura

The length of the pupal period varied from 10 to 230 days as is shown in Table 3.

The duration of the pupal stage is not correlated with atmospheric temperature (Table 1). Ghosh (1914) observed the pupal period to last from 10 to 303 days, and the present observations are in general agree- ment. However, Ghosh mentions that the insect undergoes a hibernation followed by an aestivation. This deduction does not seem to be correct since adult emergence took place in the coldest period as well as in hot months. Further, pupae from the same batch required widely varying

TABLE 2. LENGTH OF LARVAL LIFE OF P. aristolochiae

Month in which Larval life egg hatched (in days ) September 14-15 October YS November 24-31 December 31-43 January 50-62 February 26-35 March 26=85

April 28-34

VOLUME 24, NUMBER | Zak

TABLE 3. PUPAL PERIOD OF P. aristolochiae

Month in which Pupal period

larva pupated (in days )

August 10 September 13-230 October 13-228 November 19-150 December 36-141 January 44-143 February 14-179 March 13-172 April 12-38

periods before emergence of the adult, and it emergence by later pupating individuals sometimes occurred while from pupae of an earlier batch emergence of butterflies had not taken place. Thus, there is great range of individual variation in the pupal period, without apparent effect of temperature.

The above conclusion is corroborated by observations on pupae col- lected in the field. One hundred forty pupae were collected on November 5 and 25, 1962, from a small area at Tandojam which was under constant observation. Pupation had taken place on 5th and 25th November respectively.

LIFE CYCLE

According to the observations made on the length of incubation, larval and pupal periods (Tables 1-3), it is seen that the butterfly

TABLE 4. EMERGENCE OF ADULTS FROM FIELD COLLECTED PUPAE

Date of Month of adult Pupal period collection emergence (in days ) 5 Nov. 1962 February 88-115 March 127-146 April 153-176 May 184-207 June 215-224 July 246-258 August 275 25 Nov. 1962 December 23 January ol February 12 March 120 April 146

May 166-176

22, JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY

requires from one to about 9 months to complete its life cycle (exclusive of adult).

It may, therefore be concluded that the insect may have up to about 7 overlapping generations in a year. Normally, in the field it probably has fewer.

Field surveys revealed the presence of all the stages on the host plants throughout the year.

NATURAL ENEMIES

Thompson (1946) reported Apanteles aristolochiae Wlkn. as a parasite of this butterfly. No parasites of eggs or larvae were found during this study.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

To Jerry A. Powell, University of California, Berkeley, we wish to express our sincere appreciation for correcting and improving the manuscript.

LITERATURE CITED

Guosu, C. C., 1914. Life histories of Indian Insects. V. Lepidoptera. Mem. Dept. Agric. India, Ent. Ser. 5, 1: 53-58. Agric. Res. Inst., Delhi, Pusa. THompson, W. R., 1946. Parasites of Lepidoptera (N-P). A catalogue of parasites

and predators, Sec. 1. Pt. 3. Imperial parasite service. Belleville, Ontario, Canada.

A NEW CALLITHOMIA (ITHOMIIDAE) FROM BOLIVIA

Joun H. Masters! P.O. Box 7511, Saint Paul, Minnesota

During 1962-1965 I received several large consignments of Bolivian [thomiidae from Franz Steinbach of Cochabamba, Bolivia. Perhaps the most interesting specimen among these is an unique and previously un- described Callithomia. The late Dr. Richard M. Fox, acknowledged expert in the Ithomiidae, examined this specimen, recognized it as a new species and intended eventually to describe it himself. With the death of Dr. Fox on April 28th, 1968, I have assumed the task of describing the insect and take pleasure in naming it after him.

Research Associate, Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

VoLUME 24, NUMBER 1 23

Figure 1. Callithomia foxi Masters. Holotype male: A, upperside; B, underside.

Callithomia foxi Masters, new species

MALE: Upperside of both wings (figure 1A) transparent with black markings outlining veins and wing margins. Black markings widening on both wings at costal and inner margins, wing apices, at end of discal cells and along vein Cu:. Cu on hindwing and basal parts of veins Cuz and 2V yellow. Inner margin of forewing sharply concave. Costal margin of hindwing sharply humped at raised oval “Ithomia patch” from there concave to outer angle.

Underside of wings (figure 1B) a mirror image of upperside except for eight small white spots in black wing margins—two at apex of forewing (also a dimunitive in Mz), four at anal angle and two at apex of hindwing. Transparent areas with a yellowish cast, viewed from below.

Male genitalia figured (figure 2).

LENGTH OF FOREWING: base to tip, 29 mm.

FEMALE: Unknown.

Holotype male: Bolivia, Todos Santos, Prov. Chapare, Dpto. Cocha- bamba (300 meters elevation), July 1964. Deposited in Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Dr. Fox (in litt.) believed that this specimen was the only example of the species in American collections, but noted that there were a couple of examples resting unnamed in European collections. The subterminal spine on the aedeagus places Callithomia foxi in that section of the genus

24 JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY

Figure 2. Callithomia foxi Masters male genital structure. Aedeagus removed and shown below. Left valva removed and not shown.

that includes xantho (Felder), methonella (Weymer), inturna (Fox), epidero (Bates), lenea (Cramer), drogheda (Weeks) and zingiber Fox. Of these seven, C. epidero, methonella, xantho and interna have a strong resemblance to C. foxi. Callithomia xantho and interna, and to a lesser extent methonella, are separable by the lack of heavy black scaling along vein Cu, and the end of the cell, this is especially noticeable on the hindwings. Callithomia epidero and methonella have red to brown patches at the anal angle of the hindwing, that are lacking in C. foxi. None of the species in the other section of the genus have a similar appearance.

VOLUME 24, NUMBER 1 DAD)

AN OBSERVATION ON THE USE OF COLOR FOR SPECIES- RECOGNITION IN HELICONIUS BESCKEI (NYMPHALIDAE )

MicHAEL G. EMSLEY George Mason College, U. of Virginia, Fairfax, Va.

Crane (1955) has shown red to be an important courtship releaser in Heliconius erato hydara Hewitson, and Swihart (1963, 1964) has con- firmed the significance of red in that species by neurophysiological techniques.

During the course of genetical studies on Heliconius, living specimens of the mimetic pair, Heliconius erato phyllis (Fabricius) and H. besckei Ménétriés, from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, were caged with specimens of H. melpomene melpomene (Linnaeus) from Trinidad. Both H. e. phyllis and H. besckei have red forewing bands and a yellow hindwing bar, but H. m. melpomene has only red forewing bands. All colors are on a black background.

It was observed that male erato phyllis and male melpomene would each fly towards members of either of the other two species in the cage, but presumably because secondary courtship releasers were lacking they would then disengage and fly off (all the females had already been mated). H. besckei, however, though appearing in good health, would only pursue the phyllis, not the melpomene. The color difference between these two is the lack of yellow in melpomene. The courtship releaser is known to be red in erato and is likely also to be red in melpomene. Possibly it is yellow in besckei.

Whether the courtship releaser in besckei is red or yellow is an impor- tant behavioral character which should be considered in deducing the course of the evolution of mimicry in Heliconius.

LITERATURE CITED

CRANE, J., 1955. Imaginal behavior of a Trinidad butterfly, Heliconius erato hydara Hewitson, with special reference to the social use of color. Zoologica, N. Y., 40: 167-196.

SwiHART, S. L., 1963. The electroretinogram of Heliconius erato (Lepidoptera) and its possible relation to established behavior patterns. Zoologica, N. Y., 48: 155-165.

1964. The nature of the electrorectinogram of a tropical butterfly. J. Insect Physiol., 10: 547-562.

26 JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY

A REVISED SYNONYMIC CATALOGUE WITH TAXONOMIC NOTES ON SOME NEARCTIC LYCAENIDAE

Cyrit F. pos Passos Washington Corners, Mendham, New Jersey

INTRODUCTION

The publication by Harry K. Clench ([{1961]: 177-220) and John C. Downey ([1961]: 230-242) in Ehrlich & Ehrlich’s How to Know the Butterflies of revisions of the Theclini by the former and the Plebejini by the latter rendered another part of the present author's synonymic list (1964), at least obsolete insofar as the Theclini is concerned. This situation is similar to the one explained in a previous paper on the Nearctic Melitaeinae (1969, J. Lepid. Soc., 23: 115-125).

Clench revised the Theclini and in the course of his work proposed eight new generic or subgeneric names, besides introducing into our fauna some names that had heretofore been considered Neotropical and eliminating some that are no longer considered Nearctic. Downey, on the other hand, merely rearranged the order in which the genera and some of the species appear in the synonymic list so that it is not con- sidered necessary to repeat his work, no reasons having been given for such action. Clench also made no vital changes in this author's Lycaeninae which he gives tribal rank (Lycaenini) except that he combines Lycaena cupreus with L. snowi (1961: 222) as one species al- though recognizing apparently both as good subspecies. Also he does not clearly recognize the subgenus Tharsalea Scudder, 1876, although he may recognize it subgenerically in another faunal area, and arranges the species in Lycaena in somewhat different order. These are subjective matters with which one cannot quarrel, but in neither case is it deemed necessary to rewrite those parts of the synonymic list.

Neither Clench’s nor Downey’s works give any synonymies and do not list categories lower than species. This was done in accordance with the wish of the authors of How to Know the Butterflies, but is unfortunate for the student because he cannot tell what has become of subspecies, lower categories, and synonyms.

The present paper follows the general style and form of the synonymic list, followed by notes giving explanations for the changes made. An effort has been made to fit all names into the list by giving numbers to them starting with 349 where the Lycaenidae start. A similar arrange- ment of the genera was impossible because of the many changes made by Clench.

bo ~l

VOLUME 24, NUMBER |

The thorough and badly needed revision of the Theclini by my colleague Harry K. Clench, Curator of Lepidoptera at the Carnegie Museum, is of such value and importance that it should be made available in catalogue form to purchasers of the synonymic list. My thanks are extended to Mr. Clench for clearing up some points that were uncertain in his work or not easily understood. He has been most liberal in his assistance.

I am indebted also to my colleague, F. Martin Brown, for placing at my disposal a ms on the types of the Lycaenid butterflies described by William Henry Edwards of which he is the senior author with Paul A. Opler. Brown generously gave permission to use any of his ideas.

Family LYCAENIDAE Subfamily THECLINAE

HABRODAIS Scudder, 1876 Type: Thecla grunus Boisduval, 1852 Habrodias McDunnough, 1914 (lapsus calami )

349 grunus ( Boisduval), 1852

a g. grunus (Boisduval), 1852

bg. lorquini Field, 1938

form chloris Field, 1938 c g. herri Field, 1938

HYPAUROTIS Scudder, 1876 Type: Thecla chrysalus Edwards, “1872-3” (1873) (= Thecla crysalus Edwards, “1872-3” [1873] ) 350 erysalus (Edwards ), “1872-3” (1873) chrysalus Auctorum chryaslus (Edwards), 1884 (lapsus calami) form citima (H. Edwards ), 1881

CHLOROSTRYMON Clench, [1961] Type: Thecla telea Hewitson, 1868 *351 simaethis ( Drury ), “1770” [1773] a s. sarita (Skinner), 1895 302 telea (Hewitson ), 1868 303 maesites ( Herrich-Schaffer ), 1864

PHAEOSTRYMON Clench, [1961] Type: Thecla alcestis Edwards, “1870-1” (1871) 304 alcestis (Edwards), “1870-1” (1871) a a. alcestis (Edwards), “1870-1” (1871) b_ a. oslari (Dyar), 1904

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HARKENCLENUS nom. nov. pro Chrysophanus Hubner, 1818 (opinion 541, name 1235) Type: Chrysophanus mopsus Hubner, 1818 (opinion 541, name 1235) (= Papilio titus Fabricius, 1793) (opinion 541, name 1605) 3559 titus ( Fabricius ), 1793 a t. titus (Fabricius ), 1793 b t. mopsus (Hubner), “1818” [1809-13] c t. watsoni (Barnes & Benjamin), 1926 d t. immaculosus (Comstock), 1913

SATYRIUM Scudder, 1876 Type: Lycaena fuliginosa Edwards, 1861 Callipsyche Scudder, 1876 Strymon Auctorum (partim ) Thecla Auctorum (partim ) 306 fuliginosum (Edwards ), 1861 a f. fuliginosum (Edwards), 1861 suasa ( Boisduval ), 1869 ab. immaculata Gunder, 1927 b_ f. semiluna Klots, 1930 357 ~behrii (Edwards ), “1870-1” (1870) a hb. behrii (Edwards ), “1870-1” (1870) kali (Strecker ), “1872” [1878] ab. nigroinita (Gunder ), 1924 bb. erossi (Field), 1938 c b. columbia (McDunnough), 1944 358 auretorum (Boisduval), 1852 a a. auretorum (Boisduval ), 1852 tacita (H. Edwards ), 1881 b a. spadix (H. Edwards), 1881 359 tetra (Edwards ), “1870-1” (1870) adenostomatis (H. Edwards ), 1877 360 saepium ( Boisduval), 1852 chalcis Edwards, “1868-9” (1869 ) soepium ( Boisduval ), 1852 (lapsus calami) a 8. saepium (Boisduval), 1852 form fulvescens (H. Edwards ), 1877 form chlorophora (Watson & Comstock ), 1920 form provo (Watson & Comstock ), 1920 b s. okanagana (McDunnough), 1944

VoLUME 24, NUMBER |

361

362 363

364 365

366

367

368

369

liparops (Le Conte), [27 July 1833] a I. liparops (Le Conte), [27 July 1833] b_ I. strigosa (Harris), 1862

ab. pruina (Scudder ), 1889 c |. fletcheri (Michener & dos Passos ), 1942

liparops (Fletcher nec Le Conte [27 July 1833] )

“1903” [1904] d 1. aliparops (Michener & dos Passos ), 1942 kingi (Klots & Clench), 1952 calanus ( Hubner ), “1806” [1809]

wittfeldii (Edwards ), 1883 a e. calanus ( Hiibner ), “1806” [1809] b_ e. falacer (Godart), “1819” [1824]

lorata (Grote & Robinson ), 1867

inorata (Grote & Robinson ), 1867

ab. heathii ( Fletcher ), “1903” [1904] ce e. godarti (Field), 1938 caryaevorus (McDunnough), 1942 edwardsii (Saunders ), 1869

fabricii ( Kirby ), 1871 sylvinus ( Boisduval), 1852 s. sylvinus ( Boisduval), 1852 s. desertorum (Grinnell), 1917 s. itys (Edwards ), 1882 s. putnami (H. Edwards), 1877

putmani Brown, Eff, & Rotger, 1955 (lapsus calami) californica (Edwards ), 1862

borus ( Boisduval ), 1869

cygnus (Edwards ), “1870-1” (1871) acadica (Edwards ), 1862

acadia Brown, Eff, & Rotger, 1955 (lapsus calami)

a a. acadica (Edwards), 1862

souhegan (Whitney ), 1868

souhegon (McDunnough), 1938 (lapsus calami)

ab. muskoka (Watson & Comstock ), 1920

ab. swetti (Watson & Comstock ), 1920 b_ a. coolinensis (Watson & Comstock), 1920 c a. montanensis (Watson & Comstock), 1920 d a. watrini (Dufrane), 1939 dryope (Edwards ), “1870-1” (1871)

Oo @ @ &

29

30 JoURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY

EUMAEUS Hiibner, “1816” [1819] Type: Eumaeus minyas Hubner, “1816” [1819] (= Rusticus adolescens minijas Hubner, “1806” [1809] ) Eumenia Godart, “1819” [1824] *370 atala (Poey), 1832 a a. florida Rober, 1926 grayi Comstock & Huntington, 1943 371 minyas (Hiibner ), “1816” [1819] (emendatio ) minijas (Hubner ), “1806” [1809] toxea (Godart ), “1819” [1824]

OENOMAUS Hiibner, “1816” [1819] Type: Papilio ortygnus (Cramer ), “1782” [1779] 372 ortygnus (Cramer), “1782” [1779]

MINISTRYMON Clench, [1961] Type: Thecla leda Edwards, 1882 373 ines (Edwards ), 1882 374 leda (Edwards), 1882 375 elytie (Edwards ), 1877 gen. hiem. maevia (Godman & Salvin ), (1887 )

HETEROSMAITIA Clench, 1964 Type: Thecla bourkei Kaye, 1924 376 spurina Hewitson, “1862” [1867] 377 zebina (H. A. Freeman), 1950 CALYCOPIS Scudder, 1876 Type: Rusticus armatus poeas Hubner, “1806” [1811] (= Hesperia cecrops Fabricius, 1793 ) 378 beon (Stoll), 1782 379 cecrops (Fabricius ), 1793 poeas ( Hiibner ), “1806” [1811] ab. gottschalki (Clark & Clark), 1938 TMOLUS Hiibner, “1816” [1819] Type: Papilio echion Linnaeus, 1767 380 echiolus (Draudt), 1920

echion Auctorum (nec Linnaeus, 1767) 381 azia (Hewitson), 1873

nipona Auctorum (nec Hewitson, 1877) CALLOPHRYS (INCISALIA) Scudder, 1872 Type: Licus niphon Hiibner, [1819-] 1823 [1823]

VOLUME 24, NUMBER 1 ol

382

383

384

385

386

387 388

389

polios Cook & Watson, 1907 ab. davisi Watson & Comstock, 1920 irus (Godart), “1819” [1824] a i. irus (Godart), “1819” [1824] arsace (Boisduval & Le Conte ), [1833] ab. baltaeta Scudder, 1889 balteata dos Passos, 1964 (lapsus calami) b i. hadros Cook & Watson, 1909 henrici (Grote & Robinson ), 1867 a h. henrici (Grote & Robinson ), 1867 b_h. turneri Clench, 1943 c h. margaretae dos Passos, 1943 d_h. solatus Cook & Watson, 1909 fotis (Strecker), “1877” [1878] f. mossii (H. Edwards ), 1881 f. schryveri Cross, 1937 _f. bayensis R. M. Brown, 1969 f. doudoroffi dos Passos, 1946 f. windi Clench, 1943 f. fotis (Strecker ), “1877” [1878] augustinus ( Westwood ), “1846-52” [1852] augustus (Kirby nec Fabricius, 1793), 1837 . augustinus ( Westwood ), “1846-52” [1852] . helenae dos Passos, 1943 . croesioides Scudder, 1876 . iroides ( Boisduval), 1852 ab. immaculata (Cockle ), 1910 e a. annetteae dos Passos, 1943 lanoraieensis Sheppard, 1934 niphon (Hitbner), [1819—] 1823 [1823] nipha ( Morris ), 1860 (lapsus calami) a n. niphon ( Htbner), [1819-] 1823 [1823] plautus (Scudder ), 1876 b_ n. elarki Freeman, 1938 eryphon (Boisduval), 1852 a e. eryphon ( Boisduval), 1852 b_ e. sheltonensis Chermock & Frechin, “1948” [1949]

moiAo»o ®

so 2 » &

CALLOPHRYS (SANDIA) Clench & Ehrlich, 1960 Type: Callophrys (Sandia) mcfarlandi Ehrlich & Clench, 1960

390

macfarlandi Ehrlich & Clench, 1960 (emendatio ) mcefarlandi Ehrlich & Clench, 1960

32 JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY

CALLOPHRYS (XAMIA) Clench, [1961] Type: Thecla xami Reakirt, “1866” [1867] 391 xami (Reakirt), “1866” [1867]

blenina (Hewitson ), 1868

CALLOPHRYS (MITOURA) Scudder, 1872 Type: Thecla smilacis Boisduval & Le Conte, [1833] (= Papilio damon Stoll, 1782 nec [Denis & Schiffermiiller], 1775 = Lycus gryneus Hubner, “1816” [1819] ) 392 loki (Skinner ), 1907 393 hesseli Rawson & Ziegler, 1950 394 gryneus (Hibner), “1816” [1819] a g. gryneus (Hiibner ), “1816” [1819] (gen. vern. ) damon (Stoll nec [Denis & Schiffermiiller], 1775), 1782 demon (Skinner ), 1897 (lapsus calami ) damastus (Godart ), “1819” [1824] auburniana ( Harris), 1862 ( partim) ab. octoscripta Buchholz, 1951 gen. aest. smilacis ( Boisduval & Le Conte ), [1833] auburniana ( Harris ), 1862 ( partim ) patersonia ( Brehme ), 1907 bg. sweadneri Chermock, “1944” [1945] c g. castalis (Edwards), “1870-1” (1871) discoidalis (Skinner ), 1897 form brehmei Barnes & Benjamin, 1923 395 spinetorum (Hewitson), 1867 ninus (Edwards ), “1870-1” (1871) cuyamaca (Wright ), 1922 396 siva (Edwards), “1874-6” (1874) a 8. siva (Edwards), “1874-6” (1874) rhodope (Godman & Salvin), (1887) bs. juniperaria J. A. Comstock, 1925 c s. mansfieldi Tilden, 1951 397 nelsoni ( Boisduval), 1869 a n. nelsoni ( Boisduval), 1869 ab. exoleta (H. Edwards ), 1881 b n. muiri (H. Edwards), 1881 398 johnsoni (Skinner), 1904

CALLOPHRYS (CALLOPHRYS) Billberg, 1820 Type: Papilio rubi Linnaeus, 1758

VOLUME 24, NUMBER 1 33

Lycus Hubner, “1816” [1819] (nec Lycus Fabricius, 1787) Licus Hubner [1819-] 1823 [1823] 399 affinis (Edwards ), 1862 a a. washingtonia Clench, 1944 b a. affinis (Edwards ), 1862 400 sheridanii (Carpenter ), 1877 (emendatio ) sheridonii (Carpenter ), 1877 (lapsus calami) _ a sheridanii (Carpenter ), 1877 (emendatio ) b s. neoperplexa (Barnes & Benjamin ), 1923 c s.newcomeri Clench, 1963 401 dumetorum (Boisduval ), 1852 a d.dumetorum (Boisduval), 1852 perplexa Barnes & Benjamin, 1923 402 apama (Edwards), 1882 a a. apama (Edwards), 1882 b a. homoperplexa Barnes & Benjamin, 1923 403 ecomstocki Henne, 1940 404 lemberti Tilden, 1963 405 viridis (Edwards), 1862

CALLOPHRYS (CYANOPHRYS) Clench, [1961] Type: Strymon agricola Butler & Druce, 1872 406 miserabilis Clench, 1946 pastor Auctorum (nec Butler & Druce, 1872) 407 goodsoni (Clench), 1946 facuna Auctorum (nec Hewitson, 1877 )

ATLIDES Hubner, “1816” [1819] Type: Papilio halesus Cramer, “1779” [1777] Brangas Hubner, “1816” [1819] 408 halesus (Cramer), “1779” [1777] a_h. halesus (Cramer ), “1779” [1777] dolichos (Hubner ), 1823 juanita (Scudder ), 1868 b_h. eoreorani Clench, 1942 form estesi Clench, 1942

DOLYMORPHA Holland, 1931 Type: Thecla jada Hewitson, “1862” [1867 | 409 jada ( Hewitson ), “1862” [1867] EURISTRYMON Clench, [1961] Type: Thecla favonius Smith, 1797

34

JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY

410 polingi (Barnes & Benjamin ), 1926 411 favonius (Smith), 1797 412 ontario (Edwards), “1868-9” (1868 )

o. ontario (Edwards), “1868-9” (1868 ) o. violae (Stallings & Turner ), 1947 o. autolyeus (Edwards ), “1870-1” (1871) o. ilavia (Beutenmiiller ), 1899

mirabelle (Barnes ), 1900

(ely @ top

HYPOSTRYMON Clench, [1961]

Type: Thecla critola Hewitson, 1874

413 eritola (Hewitson ), 1874 PANTHIADES Hibner, “1816” [1819]

Type: Papilio pelion Cramer, “1779” [1775]

Parrhasius Hubner, “1816” [1819] Eupsyche Scudder, 1876

414 m-album (Boisduval & Le Conte), [June 1833]

8 psyche (Boisduval & Le Conte) [June 1833]

STRYMON Hiibner, 1818 (opinion 541, name 1332) Type: Strymon melinus Hubner, 1818 (opinion 541, name 1602)

415 *416

417

Bithys Hubner, 1818 ( opinion 541, name 1234 ) Bythis Geyer, [1827-31] (opinion 541, name 1236) (lapsus calami ) Argus Gerhard (nec Bohadsch, 1761, nec Scopoli, 1763, nec Scopoli, 1777, nec Boisduval, 1832), 1850 Callipareus Scudder, 1872 Callicista Grote, 1873 Uranotes Scudder, 1876 martialis ( Herrich-Schaffer ), 1864 acis ( Drury ), “1770” [1773] mars ( Fabricius ), [1777] a a. bartrami (Comstock & Huntington ), 1943 melinus Hubner, 1818 (opinion 541, name 1602) a m. melinus Hubner, 1818 hyperici ( Boisduval & Le Conte), [27 July 1833] ab. youngi Field, 1936 b m. humuili (Harris), 1841 ab. meinersi Gunder, 1927 c m. franki Field, 1938 d m. pudieca (H. Edwards), 1877

VoLUME 24, NUMBER | 35

e m. atrofasciata McDunnough, 1921 f m. setonia McDunnough, 1927 418 avalona (Wright), 1905 419 rufofusea (Hewitson ), “1862” (1877) (emendatio ) rufo-fusca ( Hewitson ), “1862” (1877) 420 cestri ( Reakirt), “1866” [1867] 421 yojoa (Reakirt), “1866” [July 1867] *422, columella (Fabricius ), 1793 a ¢. istapa ( Reakirt), “1866” [1867] b ec. modesta (Maynard), 1873 ocellifera (Grote ), 1873 493 bazochii (Godart), “1819” [1824] thius Geyer, 1832 agra Hewitson, 1871 494 alea (Godman & Salvin), “1879-1901” [1887] laceyi (Barnes & McDunnough), 1910 425 bebrycia ( Hewitson), 1868 buchholzi H. A. Freeman, 1950

ERORA Scudder, 1872 Type: Thecla laeta Edwards, 1862 496 laeta (Edwards), 1862 2 clothilde (Edwards ), “1863-4” (1863) *427 quaderna ( Hewitson), 1868 a gq. sanfordi dos Passos, 1940

ELECTROSTRYMON Clench, [1961] Type: Papilio endymion Fabricius, 1775 *428 endymion (Fabricius), 1775 a e. cyphara ( Hewitson), 1874

TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION The following names, arranged in alphabetical order, have been omitted from this revised synonymic catalogue because they are now believed not to occur in the Nearctic region:

PLycaena erytalus Butler, “1869” [1870] (?lapsus calami for Tmolus eurytulus Hiibner, 1819 )

Polyommatus hugon Godart, “1819” [1824]

Strymon eurytulus (Butler), “1869” [1870] is a South American species of which erytalus auctorum is a misspelling and these names are ac- cordingly omitted from the list.

36 JoURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY

Strymon daraba (Hewitson ), “1861” [April 1867] is also a South American species and dropped from the List. Strymon pastor Butler & Druce, “1869-76” [1872] Thecla beroea Hewitson, 1868 Thecla cybira Hewitson, “1862-78” [1874] Thecla facuna Hewitson “1862” [1877] Thecla nipona Hewitson, 1877 The following explanations will help answer questions concerning placement of names, especially where the above list deviates from the treatment of Clench, or where more recent information has been in- corporated.

HARKENCLENUS

The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature by opinion 541 suppressed among other names Chrysophanus Hubner, 1818, and placed it on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Names in Zoology for the purposes of the Law of Priority but not for those of the Law of Homonymy. Consequently, a replacement name is in order. For that purpose Harkenclenus has been chosen, being an arbitrary combination of the first syllables of the name of my friend and colleague, Harry Kendon Clench. The new name is masculine.

SATYRIUM

Satyrium edwardsii has from time to time been ascribed to Saunders or Grote & Robinson. It was a manuscript name of Saunders first pub- lished by Grote & Robinson (1867) in the synonymy of S. calanus. Since that is no longer considered a valid publication (Code, Art. 16 [b] [ii]), the name must be credited to Saunders who validly published it in 1869.

KUMAEUS

Clench removed Eumaeus from the Thecliti, and placed it in the Strymoniti.

There are differences of opinion concerning the correct spelling of the name of the type species of this genus. When first published, it was written minijas, but when Hiibner later proposed this generic name and included this species in it, he wrote the name minyas, and that spelling has been generally accepted as a justified emendation. It seems better to adhere to the present practice especially since Minyas was a Greek hero and the letter “j” was not included in the classical Latin alphabet.

HETEROSMAITIA Thecla spurina Hewitson, “1862” [1867] and T. zebina Hewitson ? 1862" [1567] were both named from single specimens taken in the

VOLUME 24, NUMBER 1 on

Amazon and Nicaragua respectively. One specimen of each has been reported from southern Texas by Stallings & Turner and H. A. Freeman. According to Clench in Ehrlich & Ehrlich ([1961]: 198), “Their true identity remains uncertain.” The former according to Clench (in litt.) belongs to the genus Heterosmaitia Clench, 1964, and it is probable that the latter belongs to the same genus. He is unable to place them with certainty at present.

CALLOPHRYS

Clench in Ehrlich & Ehrlich treats Callophrys viridis as a species in his key but omits it from the text. It is here included as a valid species. Further studies, on the biology and larval morphology, by G. A. Gorelick (J. Lepid. Soc., in press) have tended to confirm this separation.

ATLIDES

The correct taxonomic standing of estesi presents a problem of nomen- clature. The name was proposed as “Atlides halesus corcorani, form estesi, new normal form” (Clench, 1942). From a reading of Clench’s paper, it is clear that he intended estesi to represent the western popula- tion of halesus. On the other hand, Gunder had proposed corcorani as a transitional form (1934: 131). Transitional forms are generally considered aberrations, but Clench by his action gave this one subspecific standing. Accordingly, these names have been left as they stand in the synonymic list, but the authorship of corcorani has been ascribed to Clench, 1942.

LITERATURE CITED

Ciencu, H. K., 1942. A new race of Atlides halesus Cramer from California (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). Ent. News, 53: 219-221.

[1961]. Subfamily Lycaeninae. Blues, coppers, harvesters, and hairstreaks. In: Ehrlich and Ehrlich. How to know the butterflies. Wm. C. Brown Company, Dubuque, Iowa, [8] + 262 pp., 525 figs.

1963. A synopsis of the West Indian Lycaenidae with remarks on their zooge- ography. J. Res. Lepid., 2: 247-270.

pos Passos, C. F., 1964. A synonymic list of the Nearctic Rhopalocera. Memoir No. 1, The Lepidopterists’ Society, vi + 145 pp.

1969. <A revised synonymic catalogue with taxonomic notes on some Nearctic Melitaeinae. J. Lepid. Soc., 23: 115-125.

Downey, J. C., [1961]. Tribe Plebejini. The blues. In: Ehrlich and Ehrlich. How to know the butterflies. Wm. C. Brown Company, Dubuque, Iowa, [8] + 262 pp., 525 figs.

EuruicH, P. R., anp H. K. Ciencu, 1960. A new subgenus and species of Callophrys (s.l.) from the southwestern United States (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). Ent. News, 71: 137-141, pl. 1.

FREEMAN, H. A., 1950. A new species of hairstreak and new records for the United States (Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera, Lycaenidae). Field and Lab., 18: 12-15.

Grote, A. R., AND C. T. Ropinson, 1867. Descriptions of American Lepidoptera. —No. 2. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 1: 171-192, pl. 4.

38 JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY

Gunoer, J. D., 1934. Various new butterflies (Lepid., Rhopalocera). Can. Ent., 66: 125-131.

INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE, 1959. Francis Hem- ming, ed. Opinion 541. Suppression under the plenary powers of the generic names Chrysophanus Hiibner, 1818, and Bithys Hiibner, 1818 (Class Insecta, Order Lepidoptera) (Opinion supplementary to Opinion 165). Opinions and declarations rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomencla- ture, 20: 90-101.

STALLINGS, D. B., AND J. R. Turner, 1947. Texas lepidoptera (with description of a new subspecies). Ent. News, 58: 36-41.

ON THE NATURE AND USE OF THE SUFFIX -ELLUS, -ELLA, -ELLUM IN SPECIES-GROUP NAMES

GEORGE C. STEYSKAL

Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Entomology Research Division, Agricultural Kesearch Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture?

The use of the suffix -ellus (-ella, -ellum) to form species-group names, especially in Microlepidoptera in the form of -ella, has been common for a long time, but fortunately it now seems to be waning. There is nothing to be gained by adding this suffix to specific names, except a few letters to the length of the name. Of the approximately 950 names cited in Hein- rich’s revision of the American Phycitinae (1956), for example, more than 500 are formed with this suffix, starting with Tinea abietella Denis and Schiffermueller, 1776,2 Tinea convolutella Hubner, 1796, Tinea decuriella Hiibner, 1796, and Tinea elutella Hiibner, 1796, and continuing to Ambesa columbiella McDunnough, 1935, and Epischnia vividella McDunnough 1935. None of the 89 new names proposed by Heinrich in this work are formed in this wise.

Latin grammars deal with -ellus, -a, -um as follows:

a)... “diminutives (with endings for gender), forming nouns or adjectives, mean- ing little or tender: as... puella, asellus, misellus.” (Allen and Greenough, 1872).

b) “There is a class of derivatives called diminutives, which express smallness: lence also sometimes endearment, contempt, pity, or depreciation. Such are of the

' Mail address: c/o U.S. National Museum, Washington, D. C. 20560.

“lam indebted to R. W. Hodges for pointing out that the ending dates back at least to the 10th edition of Linnaeus’ Systema Naturae, where the genus Phalaena is divided into 7 sections, in some of which the specifie names regularly bore characteristic endings: Bombyces, Noctuae, Geometrae

and ata), Tortrices (-ana), Pyralides (-alis), Tineae (-ella), Alucitae (six species: mon- tyla, didactyla, tridactyla, tetradactyla, pentadactyla, hexadactyla). These sections were dis- hed a manner similar to that in which we now designate subgenera, e.g., Phalaena (Tortrix) me nana, P ( ] inea) bella, P. (Tinea) euonymella. The Linnean sections now correspond roughly nilies. The endings were used by later authors in various families. The endings -ana and -alis \djective ‘nia and -ata are used with both nouns and adjectives; and -dactyla is the second

of compounds, which with the numerical 1st members form adjectives.

VOLUME 24, NUMBER | 39

same gender as their primitives. They are formed by adding 1. -ulus, -ula, -ulum . . .;

2. -culus, -cula, -culum ... Note 2.—A contraction is sometimes formed (especially when the clipt stem of the primitive ends in 1, n, or r), and the termination is changed into -ellus, -ella, or -ellum; . . . oculus, an eye, ocellus, a dear little eye; catulus, a

puppy, catellus, a little puppy; populus, the people, popellus, the rabble . . . Note 4.— Adjectives also have diminutives: as miser, misellus.” (Chase, 1882).

c) “Diminutives, either nouns or adjectives, are formed from nouns or adjectives with the endings . . . ellus, in any or all genders ... The gender of the primitive word is generally retained in the diminutive. (Examples) castellum, tabella, libellus, puella, flagellum.” (Jenks, 1911).

d) “From the stems of other nouns... El-lus, el-la, el-lum, . . . are used when the stem of the primitive ends in a or 0, preceded by |, n, or r: ocellus ..., fabella .. . Adjectives from adjectives .. . Note 1—The endings ellus and illus also occur as nouns: novellus.” (Harkness, 1892).

e) “The diminutive ending -ellus is due to phonetic changes: as agellus (ager); fabella (fabula) . . . Diminutive adjectives are formed like diminutive nouns, and with a similar variety of meaning: pulchellus (from pulcher).’ (Burton, 1911).

Cooper (1895), in an extended work on word formation in popular Latin, devotes 33 pages (pp. 164-195) to diminutives, pointing out that they lost strictly diminutive meaning at an early date, that such weakening of the meaning continued throughout the history of the language, that in later periods a fondness for compound, 2nd and 3rd degree diminutives became more evident, and that diminutive adjectives were far less numer- ous than diminutive nouns. He cites many examples.

Stern (1966, p. 289) remarks, in regard to generic names in botany, that “... the suffix -ella has now come to be regarded, particularly by mycologists, as being simply a name-forming component to be attached to any personal name or any generic name of either Latin or Greek origin, usually without implication of smallness.” The same condition is true with regard to generic names in entomology, and at least in the Micro- lepidoptera the condition has been carried over into species-group names. The following examples, all from Heinrich (1956), will show this.

A) From nouns: abietella (Abies), arizonella (Arizona), bahamasella (Bahamas), bacerella (Baker), bakerella (Baker), cacabella (cacabus), castrella (castrum = Fort [Wingate] ), cnabella (Knab), constitutionella (constitution = constitutio), crataegella (Crataegus), exsulella (exsul), fasciella (fascia), gitonella (Greek geitén), glendella (Glenwood [Springs] ), homoeosomella (Homoeosoma), illuviella (illuvies), titillella (titillus ).

B) From adjectives: aeneella (aenea), abietivorella (abietivora), albescentella (albescens ), albidiorella (albidior), angustellus (angustus), atrella (atra), australella (australis ), cinerella (cinerea), glabrella ( glabra; better glabella), melanellus (melas, melan-).

C) From ?: cinerella (? noun cinis, ciner-; ? error for cinereella), demotella (? Greek noun démotés ); immorella; jocarella; obnupsella; obsipella (? verb obsipo ); op- oredestella (? Greek nouns opora + edestés); plorella (? verb ploro); senesciella (? verb senesco ), verecuntella (? adj. verecunda ).

With generic names ending in -ellus, -ella, -ellum, there is no trouble,

since these endings clearly show the gender. But with species-group

40 JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY

names, it is necessary to know whether the name is noun or adjective when it is transferred to a genus of different gender. We cannot simply say that the names are either all nouns or all adjectives. It is not possible to make good Latin words like pulchella, atrella, or angustellus, into anything but adjectives, nor is it possible to make anything but nouns (invariable as to gender) out of such words as cacabella, exsulella, castrella, bakerella, arizonella, etc. With names that are obviously either nouns or adjectives by original stated derivation, by Latin or Greek dictionaries, by derivation from a generic name, etc., there is a clear choice, but with words such as those cited in category “C” above, no source yields any usable data for the choice between noun and adjective.

As an example of the problems that could be encountered, let us suppose that 7 names recently proposed (Shaffer, 1968 ) were to be transferred to a genus of different gender. These names are Anacostia tribulella, Arivaca artella, A. linella, A. poohella, Homosassa incudella, H. platella, and Peoria floridella. No derivations were given for these names, but personal com- munication with the author brought out the information that floridella was based upon the name of the State of Florida, that incudella was based upon the Latin verb incudo (“because the male genitalia have a part re- sembling an anvil”), and that the others are neologisms, or made-up names. None of these names contravenes any of the International Rules of Zoological Nomenclature; they are therefore validly formed and even rather good names from the standpoints of simplicity, shortness, distinc- tiveness, and ease of pronunciation for most people.

Many zoologists nowadays are simply coining names rather than going through a rather laborious and time-consuming process of looking for something apt and linguistically correct in a language with which they lack familiarity. But that course, too, has its limits and dangers. One might come up with the names alba and leo by shuffling a set of letter cards, but the fact that those words have been good Latin words for many centuries cannot be controverted. They now belong to all mankind and cannot be said by any one person to mean anything other than what their usage as recorded in lexicons has been all this time.

Therefore, of Shaffer's names, one must be considered an adjective (artella, from the Latin adj. artus, -a, -um close, narrow, confined ) and 5 others are clearly nouns (floridella, from Florida rather than from the Latin adj. floridus, -a, -um flowery; tribulella, from Latin noun tribulus: incudella, from the Latin noun incis anvil, with gender change [the verb incudo is from the same root]; linella, from the Latin noun linum flax, thread, line, rope, with gender change; and platella, from either of the Greek nouns platé blade, flat part of an object, or platos breadth, but not

VOLUME 24, NUMBER 1 Al

from the adj. platys, which would give platyella). This last name could have been formed from the generic name Platus Motschulsky, 1844 (Coleoptera ), far-fetched of course, but that would also make platella a noun.

The remaining name, poohella, is rather obviously made-up; at least I can find no classical basis for it, nor does there seem to be a genus-name it could have been based upon. Since it is a neologism and certainly not derived from any Latin or Greek adjective, it is best considered as a noun, the most basic part of language. In order to be an adjective, it would have to have a meaning of adjectival nature. Any word, however, can be used as a noun. Latin adjectives had the capability of usage as nouns, but as species-group names in biological nomenclature what is by nature an ad- jective can have nothing like Latin sentence structure to show that it is being used as a noun. The names obsipella and plorella (see above, from Heinrich, 1956), being traceable only to a verbal root, are also best con- sidered as neologistic nouns.

As long as the International Rules and the Latin language are what they are, indication of the derivation of newly formed names is highly to be rec- ommended to save other workers much time and effort that might be used much more profitably. The tracing of such a word as cacabella to the obscure Latin word cacabus, found in only the most complete lexicons, or the word incudella to the noun inciis, with its hidden root form incud-, is certainly not a very useful occupation.

More concise statements in the International Rules regarding availabil- ity and treatment of non-Latin specific names would also do much to obviate growing confusion.

LITERATURE CITED

ALLEN, J. H., & J. R. Greenoucu, 1872. A Latin grammar for schools and colleges, founded on comparative grammar. Ginn Bros., Boston, xv + 252 pp. Burton, H. E., 1911. A Latin Grammar. Silver, Burdett and Co., N. Y., etc., 337

pp.

Case, T., 1882. A Latin Grammar. Eldredge and Bro., Philadelphia, viii + 313 pp.

Cooper, F. T., 1895. Word formation in the Roman Sermo Plebeius. Privately publ., N. Y. (thesis, Columbia College, N. Y.), xlvii + 329 pp.

Jenks, P. R., 1911. A manual of Latin word formation for secondary schools. D. C. Heath and Co., Boston, etc., (v) + 81 pp.

Harkness, A., 1892. A Latin grammar for schools and colleges. Rev. std. ed., Amer. Book Co., N. Y., etc., 430 pp.

HErIneicH, C., 1956. American moths of the subfamily Phycitinae. U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 207: viii + 581 pp.

SHAFFER, J. C., 1968. A revision of the Peoriinae and Anerastiinae (auctorum) of America north of Mexico (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 280: vi + 124 pp.

STERN, W.T., 1966. Botanical Latin. Hafner Publ. Co., N. Y., xiv + 566 pp.

42 JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY

NEW MICHIGAN BUTTERFLY RECORDS

M. C. NIELSEN 3415 Overlea Drive, Lansing, Michigan

Since the death of Sherman Moore in 1956, and the publication of his list of Michigan butterflies (1960), the writer has assumed the task of maintaining a card-file index of all Michigan butterfly records, with the goal of preparing a new annotated list. During this period, considerable collecting has occurred throughout the state, particularly in the Upper Peninsula and on Isle Royale. This period has seen a definite increase in the number of resident lepidopterists and young insect collectors, especially among the 4-H group. Therefore, it seems worthwhile to publish certain new significant records at this time. Hopefully, this addendum may en- courage lepidopterists to search diligently in the state for additional species to further the knowledge of the distribution and habits of Michi- gan’s butterfly fauna.

Field trips to Isle Royale by David Bixler, Edward Voss and Ron Will- son have added immeasurably to our meager knowledge of the island’s butterfly fauna, which incidentally appears to be similar to that of northern Minnesota and northern Ontario. Collecting by Virgil Warczynski of Bay City is responsible for many new county records, particularly in the Saginaw Bay area. Brief collecting forays by John Masters of Minnesota into the western portion of the Upper Peninsula have produced interesting new records; John Newman and the writer have done extensive collecting in the numerous sphagnum-heath bogs in the eastern Upper Peninsula since the publication of Moore’s list. Additional Upper Peninsula records were found in the insect collections at Northern Michigan University in Marquette and Michigan Technological University in Houghton.

As a result of these additional records, we can now add over 300 new county records, including 7 new species (noted with an asterisk) to our list. Only those new county records which significantly extend a species’ range, or relate to a scarce or extremely local species are treated in this supplement. Also, there is recognition of certain subspecies heretofore omitted by Moore. With the addition of these new state records, our Michigan butterfly fauna now constitutes 147 recognized species. Hope- fully, further collecting on Isle Royale, in the Upper Peninsula, and in the southwestern Lower Peninsula should eventually bring the state list to at least 155 species. Knowledge of any new state or county records not previously published from Michigan would be appreciated by the writer.

‘n presenting the following records, the nomenclature and arrangement

VOLUME 24, NUMBER 1 43

of Klots (1951) has been adopted in order to maintain conformity to Moore's list.

SATYRIDAE

Euptychia mitchellii (French). Branch, Lenawee Counties, June 30, July 11. These two locations were previously unrecorded (McAlpine, Hubbell, Pliske, 1960). Additional data is still needed to delineate its exact range in Michigan, especially the northern limits.

Oeneis macounii (Edwards ). Isle Royale, June 27, 1964. A fresh pair was collected by Ron Willson in Section 22, T66N, R34W; other specimens were observed in this section on Greenstone Ridge. The specimens are deposited in the Michigan State University collection at East Lansing. This is the first record of the species from the main island since its discovery on one of Isle Royale’s satellite islands by R. N. Rysgaard (Newcomb, 1941). It would indicate that macounii is a resident on Isle Royale and should be searched for elsewhere on the island, as well as in suitable habitats in the Upper Peninsula. The butterfly has a tendency to resemble Limenitis archippus (Cramer) in flight (Fletcher, 1888), and inhabits open jack pine forests (Masters, Sorensen, Conway, 1967).

Oeneis jutta ascerta Masters & Sorensen. Chippewa, Mackinac Counties, May 29, June 15. Several specimens were collected and observed in black spruce-tamarack bogs ( Nielsen, 1965). This recently described subspecies (Masters, Sorensen, 1968) should also occur on Isle Royale and in many acid bogs throughout the Upper Peninsula.

* Erebia discoidalis (Kirby). Baraga County, May 31, 1968. One torn male collected by J. H. Masters in a black spruce bog around 5:00 PM. Ac- cording to correspondence with Masters, discoidalis apparently flies early in the morning and late in the afternoon in most northern bogs, a habit that could account for its scarcity to date. This alpine should occur in many bogs across the Upper Peninsula, as it has been previously collected in Minnesota (Huber, 1965) and Wisconsin (Elder, 1961). The Michigan specimen has been deposited in the MSU collection.

NYMPHALIDAE

* Boloria eunomia dawsoni (Barnes & McDunnough). Chippewa, Mackinac Counties, June 13-23. The writer has taken additional speci- mens and located two new colonies in Chippewa County since its dis- covery (Nielsen, 1965).

* Boloria freija (Thunberg). Chippewa, Ontonagon Counties, May 27, 29. The first record was that of a worn male collected by John Newman in Section 9, T49N, R7W in 1965, on a sandy ridge extending across the huge

44 JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY

bog located about seven miles northwest of Paradise (Nielsen, 1965). More recently, it was taken by John Masters in the eastern edge of the Porcupine Mountains State Park.

Boloria frigga (Thunberg). Schoolcraft County, May 30-June 1. Addi- tional specimens have been collected which indicate that the species may prefer a wet, sedgy bog habitat, with willow and dwarf birch, to the true sphagnum-heath bog previously reported (Hubbell, 1957). The writer has collected it in a habitat similar to that reported by Brown (1954) for frigga sagata (Barnes & Benjamin ) in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado.

* Polygonia zephyrus (Edwards). Schoolcraft County, May 29, 1960. One torn male of this western species was collected in an acid bog by the writer (Section 14, T42N, RI6W). The specimen was determined by Cyril F. dos Passos and is now in the writer's collection. It would appear this record represents a stray specimen which probably overwintered as suggested by its condition. Undoubtedly, bait could be used to attract additional material, including other scarce boreal species as P. gracilis (Grote & Robinson ) and satyrus marsyas (Edwards ).

Anaea andria Scudder. Van Buren County, July 17. This record represents the second location in the state. One specimen was collected by William Bouton at Breedsville. Collectors should look for it in other southern counties, especially at bait.

LYCAENIDAE

* Strymon m-album ( Boisduval & LeConte ). Muskegon County, August 12, 1964. One fresh male, Michigan’s first, was collected by John Taggart in Section 13, TLIN, R18W, along a sandy road adjacent to scrub oak. The specimen is in the writer's collection. This hairstreak may occasionally occur in our southern scrub oak locations; although it is doubtful that it breeds in the state. According to Clench (1961), the species is triple- brooded in Pennsylvania.

Strymon melinus humuli (Harris). Baraga, Chippewa Counties, May 17, June 21. These are the first records of this hairstreak collected from the Upper Peninsula and they constitute a substantial northern extension. Two orn specimens were taken by the writer near Strongs in an open jack pine ing with Incisalia niphon clarki Freeman and Hesperia sassacus

Incisalia henrici (Grote & Robinson). Schoolcraft County, June 1. This is the fi ‘ this elfin in the Upper Peninsula. John Newman col-

lected on imen along a sandy trail separating a jack pine ridge

VOLUME 24, NUMBER 1] 45

and an acid bog; Vaccinium sp., one of its known foodplants ( Klots, 1951 ), was abundant in the area.

Incisalia eryphon (Boisduval). Chippewa, Luce, Marquette Counties, May 16-22. The determination of these specimens has been confirmed by Harry Clench (Nielsen, 1966) as representing the western pine elfin. The Mackinac County specimens, referred to by Moore (1960), have since been examined by the writer and were found to represent eryphon and not niphon clarki as determined by Klots. There is good reason to believe that eryphon will be found in pine areas throughout the Upper Peninsula, and that it has previously been overlooked or confused with niphon clarki.

PAPILIONIDAE

Papilio glaucus canadensis Rothschild & Jordan. Keweenaw County, June 26. Five specimens taken by Ron Hodges at Copper Harbor were deter- mined by Dr. Lincoln P. Brower. This is the first recognition of this sub- species from Michigan; Moore (1960) did not distinguish this from the typical form. No doubt the populations on Isle Royale and throughout the Upper Peninsula and extending south into the Lower Peninsula represents canadensis. Specimens collected from Otsego County are indistinguish- able from those taken farther north. Further collections of long series should be made to determine the southern limits of canadensis.

PIERIDAE

* Euchloe ausonides Lucas. Isle Royale, June 17-29. The species was first collected by Ron Willson in 1964 near Rock Harbor Lodge at the northeastern end of the island. Additional specimens were taken on Mt. Ojibway by David Bixler, and again at Rock Harbor by Ed Voss. Corre- spondence from Voss indicated that ausonides was associated with Arabis. Willson’s specimen was determined by Dr. A. B. Klots, but was undeter- minable as to subspecies. The species has also been collected in northern Minnesota and in the vicinity of Port Arthur, Ontario.

Pieris virginiensis Edwards. Arenac, Otsego Counties, May 5, 26. Several specimens were collected by Virgil Warczynski in hardwoods, thus extend- ing the known range of this pierid to the southeast. Collectors should look for this butterfly in beech-hard maple woodlots in early spring before full leaf development.

HESPERIDAE

Pyrgus centaureae wyandot (Edwards ). Montcalm County, May 8, 18. The writer has taken this skipper feeding on blueberry blossoms in scrub oak

46 JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY

openings in Section 7, T12N, R1OW. This represents the most southern collection site in the state.

Erynnis baptisiae (Forbes). Monroe County, June 5. This skipper was collected by the writer in Section 24, T7S, R6E, in close proximity to wild indigo in scrub oak opening; subsequently, adults were reared from eggs and larvae found on wild indigo plants in this same location. The species is easily confused with our other Erynnis species.

Oarisma powesheik (Parker). Kent County, July 4, 13. Several specimens have been collected in recent years by Wilbur McAlpine, V. Warczynski and the writer along the marsh edge of Button and Lamberton Lakes in the north section of Grand Rapids. Somehow, this small and restricted colony has continued to flourish since first reported by Wolcott (1893) despite the suburban encroachment. The writer found the species to be rather fond of black-eyed susan flowers growing near the marsh perimeter. Companion species taken in this habitat included Calephelis muticum McAlpine and Lycaena dorcas Kirby. It would appear this species can be easily overlooked in this type of habitat.

Adopaea lineola (Ochsenheimer). Cheboygan, Crawford, Houghton, Oscoda, Otsego, Roscommon Counties, June 19-July 22. Several specimens were collected by the writer in the northern Lower Peninsula during the 1960-67 period, and by Ted Ellis, Jr. in Houghton County; these represent significant northern extensions in range for this skipper. Undoubtedly, this skipper will spread to all counties of the state within the next several years. The writer recently collected a long series in two northern Ontario loca- tions ( Nielsen, 1966), indicating that the European Skipper is still extend- ing its range in North America.

* Lerodea eufala (Edwards). Ontonagon County, August 25, 1959. One torn female was collected by the late Dr. R. R. Dreisbach. Determination of this skipper was confirmed by Dr. A. W. Lindsey; the specimen is in the writer's collection. The skipper may be extending its range northward

into the western end of the Upper Peninsula and should be searched for in upland grassy areas,

LITERATURE CITED

Brown, F’. Martin, 1954. Some Notes on Boloria in Central Colorado ( Nymphal- idae). Lepid. News, 8: 64-66.

CLENC H, H. ] 961 Panthiades m-album (Lycaenidae): Remarks on Its Early

Stages and on Its Occurrence in Pennsylvania. Jour. Lepid. Soc., 15: 226=933)

“LDER, W. H 196] ‘arly

: | , tecords of Erebia discoidalis (Satyridae) in Wisconsin. Jour. Lepid. Soc 95-96.

FLETCHER, J., 188! ‘rip to Nepigon. Ann. Report Ent. Soc, Ontario, 19: 74-88.

VOLUME 24, NUMBER | 47

Huser, R. L., 1965. Probable Second U. S. Record for Erebia discoidalis. Jour. Lepid. Soc., 19: 76.

Hvusse.t, S.P., 1957. Boloria frigga (Nymphalidae) in Michigan. Lepid. News, 11: 37-38.

Kxiots, A. B., 1951. A Field Guide to the Butterflies of North America, East of the Great Plains. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, 349 pp.

Masters, J. H., and J. T. SorENSEN & P. J. Conway, 1967. Observations on Oeneis macounii (Satyridae) in Manitoba and Minnesota. Jour. Lepid. Soc., 21: 258— 260.

Masters, J. H., and J. T. SorENsEN, 1968. A New Subspecies of Oeneis jutta (Lep- idoptera: Satyridae). Ent. News, 79: 80-85.

McA.PInE, W. S., and S. P. HuspELL & T. E. PiiskE, 1960. The Distribution, Habits, and Life History of Euptychia mitchellii (Satyridae). Jour. Lepid. Soc., 14: 209- 226.

Moores, S., 1960. A Revised Annotated List of the Butterflies of Michigan. Occ. Papers Mus. Zool., Univ. Mich., 617, 39 pp.

Newcomes, W. W. 1941. Note on the Occurrence of Oeneis macounii. Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., 36: 56.

NiELSEN, M. C., 1965. Discovery and Observations of Boloria eunomia (Nymphali- dae) in Michigan. Jour. Lepid. Soc., 18: 233-237.

1966. Occurrence of Callophrys eryphon (Lycaenidae) in Michigan. Jour. Lepid. Soc., 20: 41-42.

1966. New Canadian Records for Thymelicus lineola (Hesperiidae). Jour. Lepid. Soc., 20: 243-244.

Wotcortt, R. H., 1893. The Butterflies of Grand Rapids, Michigan, Canad. Ent., 25: 98-107.

HEAD MEASUREMENTS AND WEIGHTS OF THE BEAN LEAF ROLLER, URBANUS PROTEUS (HESPERIIDAE )!

GERALD L. GREENE Central Florida Experiment Station, Sanford, Florida 32771

The bean leaf roller, Urbanus proteus (Linn.), is common on beans and other legumes in Florida during the fall of the year. Head widths and weights of newly molted larvae were determined to learn if larval instars could be accurately distinguished when making field observations.

Larvae were reared on Harvester variety snap bean leaves held in an insect rearing room with the temperature about 85°F. Larvae were kept individually on bean leaflets in round plastic dishes 2 cm deep by 10 cm in diameter with moistened filter paper to maintain leaf turgidity. Fresh leaves were supplied after each molt. Eggs were measured within five hours after oviposition and larval head widths were recorded soon after molting when the head became black. Pupal heads were measured two

1 Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations Journal Series No. 3241.

48 JoURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY

6 HEAD WIDTH 5) oll

S) a7 a a ae =

Soff = 3 | cs => = 2 | 1.8 oll / I 0.6 | - § aes EGG: 3 4 5 PUPA ADULT

INSTAR

Fig. 1. Comparison of egg and head widths of the bean leaf roller, Urbanus proteus (Linn.). Bars and numbers represent means of 50 or more individuals and the lines connect the low and high measurement for each life stage.

days after pupation. All measurements were made on living specimens except for adults, which were killed in a cyanide jar following emergence and measured within one hour after death. Head measurements were made using a dissecting microscope with an ocular micrometer.

Data on the means and ranges of head widths (Fig. 1) demonstrate distinct differences between instars with none of the extreme measure- ments overlapping from instar to instar. The validity of field determina- tion of instars based on head size is substantiated by these data. The results of these measurements agree with those reported by Quaintance (1898). His measurements, made on preserved specimens, were as follows: eggs (0.966 mm, Ist instar 0.566 mm, 2nd instar 0.866 mm, 3rd instar 2 mm, 4th instar 3 mm, and 5th instar 4.5 mm. Quaintance did not report the ex- tremes or variation within each stage.

Heads of newly eclosed larvae filled approximately % of the egg interior. The 5th instar, pupal and adult head widths were similar (Fig. 1). When observing the changes during these stages it appeared that pupal heads would be wider than 5th instar larvae by a larger amount than was mea- sured because the 5th instar head capsules split during pupation. The adult emerges from the pupal case without splitting the head covering, therefore its head cannot be wider than the pupal head. The extreme mea-

VOLUME 24, NUMBER 1 49

TABLE 1. Milligrams weight of eight life stages of the bean leaf roller, Urbanus proteus (Linn.) taken at the beginning of each stage.

Egg? Ist? 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Pupa Adult?

Low individual — = ] 5 29 ILS 367 100 Mean 0.46 0.41 DM Ils BASS) IESG AoW il alg eo) High individual — — 35 14 47 265 610 352 Weight change

ratio‘® — 0.9 5.5 5.0 3.5 5.5 1.9 (0.4 No. of individuals

weighed 170 120 126 WG 96 90 85 25

a Weighed in groups of 10 per weighing because the balance used was only sensitive to tenths of a mg.

b Adults were killed with cyanide and weighed within a few minutes after emergence from the pupa. All other weights were made of living individuals.

¢ The figures are derived by dividing the weight of the indicated stage by the weight of the previous stage.

surements for the adult were much closer than they were for the 5th instar or pupa.

Comparing head measurements by dividing the head width of one instar into that of the preceding instar, ratios of .55, .61, .49, .79 and a mean of .61 were found. Dyar (1890) found ratios of .58 to .73 for 14 species having five larval stages, and the bean leaf roller falls within his range. A lower numerical ratio was expected in an insect with a large head such as a Hesperiidae, but this was not apparent with the bean leaf roller.

Dyar (1890) mentions the smaller size of head capsules from larvae which died after molting. Several bean leaf roller larvae which died were compared to the average of each instar. The first four instars which died had similar measurements to live specimens, but the dead 5th instar heads were much smaller than the average, and two which had not grown during the 4th instar had heads smaller than the previous instar. Measurements of live and preserved head capsules were very similar, even for 5th instar heads which had split during pupation.

In conjunction with head measurements larvae were weighed to record the weight increase from molt to molt. These weights were made just after molting rather than before molting to allow for uniform weighing. Weights just before molting would have been nearly impossible to make due to the difficulty of knowing when the larvae had completed their feeding. By weighing soon after molting, uniform weights were made for individuals of each instar and feeding or molting was not interrupted. Larvae had not begun to feed after molting when they were weighed.

The weights are given in Table 1 for the eight life stages. All weights

50 JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY

TABLE 2. Conversion of eaten leaf weight to bean leaf roller (BLR), Urbanus proteus (Linn.), weight for five life stages.

Ege i 2 3 4 5 eapae Leaf eaten (mg) — 11 28 110 567 3343 — BLR weight (mg) 0.46 0.41 8) nie) 38.6 — DIS 2 BLR gain (mg)' — 1.9 8.9 27.2 186.6 SaiS2es — Conversion ratio” — 0.17 0.32 0.24 0.33 0.06 —

1 This figure derived by subtracting weight of one instar from the weight of next instar. The weight lost during molting is not included because weights were made after molting but before feeding resumed. mg BLR gain

a ; : Bean : Bry oe ; Conversion ratio mg Leaf eaten

are of live specimens, except for adults, which were killed just before weighing. The ratio of gain was largest from Ist to 2nd and 4th to 5th instar and smallest from 5th instar to pupa. The 5th instar gained con- siderable weight, but lost much of the gain at pupation after which the weights were taken. The small loss of weight from egg to newly eclosed larva, only 10%, was a surprise, since newly eclosed larvae do not eat any of the egg shell and less of fluids during eclosion was noted.

The conversion ratio of leaf weight to body weight of each larva was calculated by dividing the weight of leaf tissue eaten by the weight in- crease during each instar (Table 2). The efficiency of the lst and 5th instar to convert leaf weight into body weight was low, whereas the ef- ficiency of the other 3 instars was similar. The figure of 0.3 is close to the conversion ratios reported by Taylor and Bardner (1968) for the diamond back moth on a dry weight basis. The low conversion ratio for the 1st instar was unexpected since larval weight increased 5.5 times over the newly hatched larvae. After 5th instar feeding the transformation into the pupa results in considerable weight loss as indicated by the 0.06 figure in Table 1.

Przibram and Megusar (1912) concluded that the weight of each instar should double that of the preceding instar and Bodenheimer (1932) added latent divisions for holometabolic insects. Instar weights obtained for the bean leaf roller agree closely with those reported by Przibram and Megusar when the latent division calculations of Bodenheimer are used.

CONCLUSIONS Measurements of bean leaf roller heads demonstrated that larval instars can be accurately distinguished. The head widths did not overlap from

one instar to the next and the standard deviation was 0.4 mm for the 5th

VoLUME 24, NUMBER | bt

instar and pupae, 0.1 for adults and less than 0.1 for the other life stages. Head capsules which had been shed during molting were similar in width to live specimens.

Larval weight increased approximately 5 fold during each of the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th instar periods. The 5th instar increased in size and weight but lost much of the increase during pupation. Adults weighed 0.4 times as much as did the pupae, and Ist instar larvae averaged 0.9 times as much as the eggs. A greater proportion of weight was lost during the transforma- tion from 5th instar to adult than during eclosion.

LITERATURE CITED

BODENHEIMER, F. S. 1932. The progression factor in insect growth. Quart. Rev. Biol. 8: 92-95.

Dyar, H. G. 1890. The number of moults of lepidopterous larvae. Psyche 5: 420- 422.

PrzirRaM, H., and F. Mecusar. 1912. Wachstumsmessungen an Sphodromantis bioculata Burm. I. Lange und Masse. Arch. Entw. Mech. d. Organismen 34: 680-741.

Taytor, W. E., and R. Barpner. 1968. Leaf injury and food consumption by larvae of Phaedon cochleariae (Coleoptera; Chrysomelidae) and Plutella maculi- pennis (Lepidoptera, Plutellidae) feeding on turnip and radish. Entomol. Exp. & Appl. 11: 177-184.

QuAINTANCE, A. L. 1898. Three injurious insects. Bean leaf-roller. Corn delphax. Canna leaf-roller. Fla. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 45: 49-62.

WHATS YOUR COLLECTION WORTH

CHARLES V. COVELL, JR.

University of Louisville, Kentucky

In discussing the value of a collection of Lepidoptera we must first define “value” by some criterion. We can first consider its monetary value: the amount spent on materials, storage equipment, library, and the procurement of specimens; and also the fair market value if it were to be sold to a dealer, private collector, or institution. Next, there is the senti- mental value to the collector. Most collectors probably value their collec- tions far beyond a fair market value simply because of all the hours of sweating, searching, panting, itching, squinting, cursing, and joyful whooping that accompany the perfect avocation. Finally, we shall discuss the scientific value: what information useful in taxonomic and faunistic research is intrinsic in the collection? The scientific value can sometimes be related to monetary value; but, too often, institutional collections cannot afford to purchase highly desirable collections, and must rely upon donated material for research purposes.

52 JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY

The monetary value of a collection depends upon several factors, most important of which is the quality of the material. Large collections, con- taining showy and unusual exotic species, should command a good price among the few dealers who buy and sell Lepidoptera. Material from poorly-collected areas, unusual forms, type specimens, and unusual, well- labeled perfect butterflies and moths will be in much more demand than a small local collection of common species. There can be no fixed price for specimens because of the variables of quality, rarity, and attractiveness as well as supply and demand; but one can compare his material with that offered at various prices by dealers to get some estimate of value, whether for pricing his collection, or for evaluation for insurance purposes. Like- wise, books and equipment can be evaluated by checking dealer price lists.

One can realize monetary benefits by donating his collection to a major museum or university collection. He can include the value of donated ma- terial in the “miscellaneous contributions” section of Itemized Deductions on his income tax returns. In checking with the Internal Revenue Service, I found that IRS normally accepts the value placed on such donations by an official of the recipient institution who will prepare a statement of value for the donor. From experience and also in checking with an official of one of the nation’s largest museums, I know that $.15 per specimen is an acceptable average value for insects. I would think that one could justify a slightly higher amount for spread Lepidoptera, because of the time put into setting. Also, rare or otherwise extraordinary specimens can be given much higher individual evaluations.

With respect to sentimental value, one cannot place a price tag on the aesthetic enjoyment, friendships, and personal satisfaction of building a fine collection. This intangible value is extended to others when they see your specimens, hear you give a talk, or become stimulated to begin or recommence collecting themselves. Although many collectors are satisfied to keep their collections to themselves, I feel certain that those who share their knowledge and experience reap much greater rewards. The pleasure of excited responses from the uninitiated as well as fervent discussion with fellow aficianados is its own reward.

The scientific value of a collection depends first upon the completeness and accuracy of the data on pin labels or papers. Again, the rarity of species, localities represented, and amount of type material are factors important in determining what potential information the collection holds. Condition of specimens is important, too; but it is not nearly as important to the scientist as the dependability of the data furnished by the collector.

Unfortunately, there are many collectors who do not know that a speci-

VOLUME 24, NUMBER | 53

men without locality and other collection data is worthless to the re- searcher. Others are careless and get dates and localities confused, or deliberately mislabel specimens to enhance their prestige or line their pockets. The notorious Chokoloskee, Florida, material is a good example of the latter. Although some collectors will always be content to merely place showy specimens in Riker mounts for their walls, I feel most would prefer to prepare a collection that is scientifically as well as aesthetically valuable. And the knowledge that scientific usefulness will also enhance monetary value should act as an additional incentive to prepare accurate labels and keep a field notebook.

Even small local collections can have significant value to science when properly prepared. In many states faunistic knowledge is extremely limited. With more and more land coming under the bulldozer, it is im- portant that as much faunistic work on Lepidoptera as well as other biota be completed as soon as possible. Since professional biologists often have little time for collecting, the role of the amateur in contributing informa- tion for taxonomic and faunistic studies is increasingly important.

Sadly enough, many fine collections are lost to science because the collector failed to donate his collection while alive, or arrange for its proper disposal in his will. One important North Carolina collection faded away in display cases in the hallway of a state building; others end up nourishing dermestids in high school labs or family attics. In order to prevent such a loss of your collection, I offer these guidelines:

1. Keep your collection in good order. This includes proper labeling (avoiding “coding” of specimens, and poor quality paper and ink), and storage in air-tight, regularly-fumigated containers away from excessive light and moisture.

2. Donate your collection while you are alive. Tf you are no longer actively working on your collection, give it to an institution (or actually in- corporate it in person) so that accession will be most efficiently effected. In so doing, you may reap a tax benefit, recover storage equipment to sell or give to a promising beginner, and feel secure that your specimens are in responsible hands of your own choosing.

3. Spell it out in your will. If you do not donate your collection now, be sure that you have provided for it according to the laws of your state. Ex- plicit additional directions can be left in writing to aid the recipient in understanding any confusing aspect of the collection; or, better still, arrangements can be discussed with the recipient in advance.

4. Choose an appropriate recipient. Although you may prefer to give your collection to a colleague, it is usually better to donate or bequeath it to a large museum or university collection where proper care and use of

54 JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY

. . . (<4 > ¢ your material are assured. Beware of institutions where “perpetual care” is uncertain.

There are certainly other helpful ideas to aid you in evaluating and utilizing your collection for more than the mere pleasure it gives you in making it. With foresight, careful planning, and proper care you can be assured that your collection will be studied and enjoyed long into the future, and that you have made a real contribution to our growing knowl- edge of Lepidoptera.

THE IMMATURE STAGES OF SCOPULA ANCELLATA (HULST) (GEOMETRIDAE)

W. C. McGuFFIN

Forestry Branch, Canada Department of Fisheries and Forestry, Ottawa, Ontario

While working in the Hedley, British Columbia, area in 1967 I collected several adults of Scopula ancellata (Hulst) between July 4 and 12. One of these moths laid 112 eggs. As in other species of Scopula (McGuffin 1967 ) the eggs were laid loosely on the floor of the cage or on pieces of dead grass scattered over the floor of the cage. After eight to 10 days the eggs hatched. The first-instar larvae accepted the foliage of white sweet clover, Melilotus alba Desr., Chinese elm, Ulmus pumila L., and mountain alder, Alnus tenuifolia Nutt. Some of the larvae completed development and pupated in about 40 days. From these pupae, six males and two females emerged September 4 to 17, 1967. The great majority of the larvae how- ever, ceased feeding towards the end of the summer. They were buried in glass containers in the soil on September 30, 1967, and dug up on May 12, 1968. Most of the larvae were dead when examined but a few survived. Irom these a male and a female emerged June 27, 1968.

DESCRIPTIONS OF IMMATURE STAGES

Egg: Longer than wide, with longitudinal ridges and cross striae. Whitish to light brown when first laid, later with red spots. Length, 0.75-0.80 mm; width, 0.34—0.50 Mim.

Larva: First instar. Length, 3-4 mm; width, 0.2-0.4 mm. Head: Width, 0.28-0.34 mm; brown. At higher magnification (100) herring-bone pattern evi- dent on parietal lobes. Body Jight brown, with dark-brown dorsum and venter (Fig. 1). Second instar. Length, 5-8 mm; width, 0.4-0.5 mm. Head: Width, 0.36—0.40 mm; light brown, with fine brown markings in herring-bone pattern on lobes. Body light brown, with dark brown dorsum and venter; small brown patch on Al1—A5, inclusive, between setae 1.2 and SV2. Third instar. Length 9-10 mm; width, 0.5

mm. Head: Width, 0.48-0.50 mm. Colour pattern of head and body as in second

VoLUME 24, NUMBER | OD

os ie fra ie

woe peg ce Feats we ste WE ere ene Fe

Figs. 1 and 2. Scopula ancellata (Hulst), setal and colour patterns on second abdominal segment of larva. 1, First instar; 2, mature larva.

instar. Fourth instar. Length, 12-18 mm; width, 0.7-1.0 mm. Head: Width, 0.65-0.67 mm. Light grey with brown markings in herring-bone pattern on lobes. Body light grey, with wide dark-grey middorsal stripe and narrow addorsal line on thorax and posterior abdominal segments; these two lines almost fused on anterior abdominal segments to form a solid stripe. Midventral line light grey; sub- ventral region grey. A small brown spot, anterior to seta L3 and between setae L2 and SV2, on each anterior abdominal segment. Thoracic legs light grey; prolegs grey, with a light-grey line along each. Plates concolorous. Fifth instar. Length, 18-22 mm: width, 0.8-1.0 mm. Head: Width, 0.84 mm. Colour pattern of head and body much as in fourth instar. Sixth instar. Length, 19-25 mm; width, about 1.0-1.5 mm. Head: Width, 1.34-1.50 mm. Light brown with brown herring-bone pattern on lobes. Antennae light brown. Body light brown with brown middorsal line. Brown spot between setae L2 and SV2 on Al1—A5, inclusive. Venter brown, with light brown midventral line (Fig. 2). Legs, prolegs, and plates concolorous.

Pupa: Brown, fusiform, much as in Scopula inductata (Guenée) (McGuffin 1967, Fig. 84e, f).

REMARKS The mature larva of S. ancellata can be separated from the larvae of other species of Scopula on the basis of the brown spot on the anterior abdominal segments between setae L2 and SV2. Apparently no other species of Scopula has this spot. LITERATURE CITED

McGurFin, W. C. 1967. Guide to the Geometridae of Canada (Lepidoptera). Part 1. Subfamily Sterrhinae. Mem. Ent. Soc. Can. No. 50.

56 JoURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY

GENERIC NOTES ON TWO HAIRSTREAKS NEW TO THE UNITED STATES (LYCAENIDAE)

Harry K. CLENCH Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Penna. 15213

In the paper that follows this one, Mr. Roy O. Kendall reports the capture in Texas of three species of hairstreaks that are well known in Mexico, but had not previously been found in the United States. One of these is in good taxonomic order, but the other two require revision to bring their nomenclature up to date.

Ocaria Clench, new genus Type species: Thecla ocrisia Hewitson 1868

Antennae composed of about 30 segments, of which the last 13 comprise the club; four terminal segments scaleless; an additional seven ventrally scaleless; longest shaft segment about 3.8 times as long as average club segment, the shaft slender, each seg- ment white-ringed proximally. Eyes with dense, moderately long hair. Frons with erect scales and long, loose, erect bristles. Palpi with terminal segment long and slender, smoothly scaled; next proximal segment with erect ventral scales but no bristles.

Forewing with M. from near middle of cell-end, (M:-M:2)/(M:-Ms) = 0.47; a large scent pad filling the end of the cell from one side to the other, and extending basad to near the origin of Cuz; scent pad composed of densely packed ochreous scales with a few fuscous scales intermixed; pad itself rimmed with densely packed modified scales of ground color. Hindwing with no tornal cleft, virtually no tornal lobe, and with only a short tail at Cue, shorter than apical width of interspace Cu:-Cu».

Male genitalia (Fig. 1). Uncus lobes low, rounded, laterally narrow and quadrate, separated by a broad low median notch; falces broadly curved, practically without an “elbow,” apically constricted but not hooked; vinculum with slight shoulder, but no shoulder process; posterior dorsal vinculum with thickened margin; anterior vinculum angularly produced midlaterally, associated with moderate coremata (scales about 1% as long as penis); saccus subquadrate, barely longer than width at middle; valvae loosely contiguous to tips, of normal length, broad to beyond middle, then abruptly narrow, but not tapered; penis about 2.5 times as long as valvae (1.9 « valvae + saccus), with tip slightly upturned, armed ventrally with a terminal triangular keel, proximally den- tate, distally smooth; two apical multidentate cornuti, one subapical cornutus, not den- tate but bluntly acuminate at its distal end.

Remarks. Ocaria is one of the few neotropical relatives so far dis- covered of the holarctic Satyrium. It differs from all others in the Satyrium series (Chlorostrymon Clench; Phaeostrymon Clench; Satyrium Scudder; Chrysophanus Scudder ) in the projecting triangular shape of the ventral distal keel on the penis, in the presence of an anterior process on the vin- culum for attachment of the coremata, and in the doubled distal (dentate ) cornutus. The thickened posterior margin of the vinculum is found only in Chlorostrymon of the other known genera; in all the rest this thickening appears more or less internally as the vinculum strut.

VOLUME 24, NUMBER 1 a7

Fig. 1. Ocaria ocrisia Hewitson, ¢ genitalia. Top figure, genital capsule cut through the right vinculum and “unrolled,” with uncus and falces at top; left vinculum, saccus and valvae to left. Middle figure, penis to same scale. Bottom figure, apical end of penis (enlarged to show cornuti and the serrate ventral keel). Specimen from near

Gomez Farias, 300 m, southern Tamaulipas, Mexico, 9.I. 1966 (leg. H. Clench and L. D. Miller, CM-CUA Exp. ), Slide no. C-1149, CM.

58 JouRNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY

Ocaria ocrisia is the only member of the genus which I have examined. One or two additional species (South American) may ultimately be found to belong here as well.

Thereus Hubner

Thereus Hiibner [1819], Verz. bek. Schmett. (5): 79 (type species, by monotypy:

Papilio lausus Cramer [1779] ).

Genus ? (new genus): Clench 1961, in Ehrlich & Ehrlich, How to Know the Butter- H meee Clench 1964, J. Res. Lepid. 2 (“1963”): 254 (type species, by original designation: Thecla bourkei Kaye 1924). NEW (SUBJECTIVE) SYNONYMY.

Until recently, no specimen of the species lausus Cramer was available to me for study. Its peculiar pattern resembled no Heterosmaitia I had seen and it never even occurred to me that it might belong here. I have now examined a specimen, and its genitalia indicate beyond any doubt that it is congeneric despite its peculiar appearance. Because it is the type species of the Hiibnerian genus Thereus, which has some 15 decades prior- ity over Heterosmaitia, the latter name must fall.

Two species, neora Godman & Salvin and palegon Cramer, have been found, just as surprisingly, congeneric as well, although fortunately neither is involved in any serious problem of generic nomenclature. The former heretofore was placed in the genus Aftlides Hiibner (with which its under- side pattern agrees rather well). The two species bear no pattern re- semblance to each other whatever, nor do they resemble lausus, nor are they at all similar to any of the other members of the genus so far as now known.

In contrast to these species (neora, palegon, lausus ), which are so highly dissimilar, other species (thoana, guadala, brescia, bourkei) are so similar to one another that they pose major problems of identification. These “cryptic” species are so extremely similar, particularly in their underside patterns, that they possibly form some sort of mimetic association.

In my earlier paper (1964) I divided the genus into two groups. These groups (characterized in that paper), with the species now known to belong to them, are:

1. oppia group. Includes oppia Godman & Salvin (Middle America ) and neora Godman & Salvin (Middle America). Besides being very dif- ferent in pattern, these two differ structurally enough to warrant even- tually being placed in two subgroups.

2. bourkei group. The subgroups I proposed (1964) must now be re- vised to accommodate the new additions.

Subgroup A. Male scent pad simple; corematal process broad and

triangular; larger cornutus with many teeth; valvae divergent from mid-

VOLUME 24, NuMBER 1 59

dle and of normal length (reaching about to falcal shoulder). Includes bourkei Kaye (Jamaica), guadala Schaus (Middle America), brescia Hewitson (neotropical, widespread), palegon Cramer (neotropical, widespread ).

Subgroup B. Male scent pad duplex, but without a rim of modified scales; corematal process broad, parallel-sided, long and _ apically rounded; larger cornutus with many teeth; valvae of normal length, contiguous to near tips. Includes thoana Hewitson (Middle America ) and possibly several South American species of similar appearance (stagira Hewitson; erenea Hewitson ).

Subgroup C. Male scent pad duplex and rimmed with enlarged, densely packed scales of ground color; corematal process elongate, tapering- triangular; larger cornutus without apical teeth; valvae extremely elongate-attenuate (similar to those of the genus Allosmaitia Clench 1964), reaching about to the tip of the falx, loosely contiguous to tips. Includes lausus Cramer (neotropical, widespread ).

THREE HAIRSTREAKS (LYCAENIDAE) NEW TO TEXAS AND THE UNITED STATES

Roy O. KENDALL 135 Vaughan Place, San Antonio, Texas 78201

Hurricane “Beulah” struck the mainland of extreme south Texas near Brownsville, 20 September 1967. Thousands of acres in the Lower Rio Grande Valley were completely inundated. Santa Ana National Wildlife Refuge located on the Rio Grande near Alamo, Hidalgo County, Texas, was such an area. This is a favorite collecting spot for lepidopterists and a number expressed concern over the insect life there. With so much water, some collectors thought the insect life would be largely destroyed. When collecting trips could be resumed, I found that little if any damage to the insect populations had been done. On the contrary, in many ways improvements had occurred.

Extensive flooding had germinated seeds of native plants which had been dormant for a long time. A profusion of vegetation was produced the following year. “Beulah” also evidently distributed insects over wide areas, extending normal ranges for many species. This is evident by new records in 1968 for Hesperiidae, Lycaenidae, and Heliconiinae

60 JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY

from Texas and the United States. Only the Lycaenidae are treated in this paper.

It will be interesting to see if these species become established in the Refuge, and if so for what period of time. A number of species found in Texas appear to be periodic residents when conditions are favorable.

Ocaria ocrisia Hewitson, 1865

Thecla ocrisia Hewitson 1868, Descr. New Species Lycaenidae, p. 5 (TL: Ecuador); ibid. 1869, Ill. D. Lep. Lycaenidae, p. 123, pl. 48 figs. 235, 236; Godman & Salvin 1887, Biol. C.-Amer., Lep. Rhop. 2: 49, pl. 54 figs. 5, 6; ibid. 1901, op. cit. (suppl.), p. 718; Draudt 1920, in Seitz, Gross-schmett. Erde 5, p. 775, pl. 152 h; Hoffmann 1941, An. Inst. Biol. (Mexico) 11: 711; Comstock & Huntington 1962, J. New York Ent. Soc. 70: 39 (Note: original description erroneously credited to “Specimen of a Catalogue of Lycaenidae in the British Museum’ ).

Ocaria ocrisia: Clench 1970, J. Lepid. Soc. 24: 56, 58.

One 2, very worn, Santa Ana Nat. Wildlife Refuge, nr. Alamo, Hidalgo Co., Texas, 11—xi-1968 (leg. R.O.K.).

In Mexico this is a widespread but uncommon and rather local species occurring mostly in mesic to moist forest. It has been found (Hoffman, l.c., and Carnegie Museum) as far north as southern Tamaulipas and Jalisco.

Thereus palegon Stoll, 1780

Papilio palegon Stoll 1780, Pap. Exot. 3: 159, pl. 282 figs. C, D (TL: “Sierra Leona, sur la Cote dor de Afrique,” which is erroneous; the type was probably taken in Surinam ); Comstock & Huntington 1962, J. New York Ent. Soc. 70: 100.

Papilio myrtillus Stoll 1784, Pap. Exot. 4: 178, pl. 380 figs. B, C (TL: “Suriname” ); Comstock & Huntington 1961, J. New York Ent. Soc. 69: 176.

[Name has sometimes been misspelled mytillus. |

Thecla juicha Reakirt 1866, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia: 338 (TL: near Vera Cruz, Mexico); Comstock & Huntington 1961, J. New York Ent. Soc. 69: 56. [Name has sometimes been misspelled juica. |

Thecla palegon: Hewitson [1867], Ill. D. Lep. Lycaenidae, P. 86; Godman & Salvin 1887, Biol. C.-Amer., Lep. Rhop. 2: 37; ibid. 1901, op. cit. (suppl.), p. 716; Draudt 1919, in Seitz, Gross-schmett. Erde 5: 761, pl. 150 d, e; Hoffmann 1941, An. Inst. Biol. (Mexico) 11: 707.

Thereus palegon: Clench 1970, J. Lepid. Soc. 24: 58, 59.

One 4, condition fairly good, Santa Ana Nat. Wildlife Refuge, nr. Alamo, Hidalgo Co., Texas, 9-xi-1968 (leg. R.O.K.).

A common and widespread species of the New World tropics, known in Mexico (Hoffmann, I.c., and in Carnegie Museum) as far north as

southern Tamaulipas. It is found chiefly in tropical and subtropical forest, including nearby open areas.

Allosmaitia pion Godman & Salvin, 1887

Thecla pion Godman & Salvin 1887, Biol. C.-Amer., Lep. Rhop. 2: 56, pl. 54 figs. 28— 1) (TL: Duenas (Polochic Valley) and Calderas, both in Guatemala, were listed by

VOLUME 24, NUMBER 1 61

the authors; Comstock & Huntington (1962, infra) restricted it to the former); ibid. 1901, op. cit. (suppl.), p. 718; Draudt 1920, in Seitz, Gross-schmett. Erde 5: 780, pl. 155 g: Hoffmann 1941, An. Inst. Biol. (Mexico) 11: 712; Comstock & Huntington 1962, J. New York Ent. Soc. 70: 115.

Allosmaitia pion: Clench 1964, J. Res. Lepid. (1963) 2: 255.

One 2, worn, Santa Ana Nat. Wildlife Refuge, nr. Alamo, Hidalgo Co., Texas, 11—-xi-1968 (leg. R.O.K.).

This is an uncommon species in Mexico, occurring chiefly in scrub and low forest, particularly in montane areas. Hoffmann (l.c.) records it from no farther north than Tabasco and southern Veracruz. There are speci- mens in Carnegie Museum, however, from as far north as Sinaloa (19 mi FE, Concordia ) and Hidalgo (7 mi N Zimapan, 1830 m).

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

To Harry K. Clench, Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Penn., I wish to ex- press my sincere appreciation for determining these specimens, reviewing this paper, providing the references cited, and furnishing additional dis- tribution data for each species.

INEXPENSIVE PHOTOMICROGRAPHY

JoHN M. KOLYER 55 Chimney Ridge Drive, Convent, New Jersey, U.S.A.

INTRODUCTION

In essence, photomicrography usually consists of positioning a film several inches from the ocular lens of a compound microscope to receive the magnified image of the subject. A special camera, without lens, gen- erally is used for this purpose; detailed descriptions are given in texts such as those by Allen (1941) and Shillaber (1944). An inexpensive camera may be used without removing the lens ( Loveland, 1943), but this method has serious disadvantages, e.g. tendency of a “flare spot” (bright area in the center of the field) to appear in the picture.

Following is a brief description of construction and operation of home- made equipment of the camera-without-lens style using both negative- positive (conventional ) and Polaroid processes.

CONVENTIONAL FILM Apparatus.—The apparatus (Figure 1) consisted of two parts: (1) a wooden base, with generous working area, on which two rigid uprights

62 JouRNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY

: ee d Fig. 1. Conventional-film camera, with 4 x 5 in. cut film holder in place, attached to 40-1000 binocular microscope (Jewell Optical Co. ).

were mounted, and (2) a camera body, constructed of plywood, with an attached bellows (an inexpensive item purchased from Edmund Scientific Co., Barrington, New Jersey ). The bellows allowed variation in magnifica- tion by changing the lens to film distance, which fortunately can be varied widely (actual focussing is done with the microscope adjustments ). The camera body was mounted in a rectangle of % in. plywood with slots permitting attachment to the angle irons of the uprights using bolts and wingnuts (see Figure 2). The camera was painted flat black to minimize internal reflection and was designed with a hinged back (see rear view, Figure 2) to accommodate a 4 X 5 in. cut film holder as previously found suited for close-up (low magnification ) photography of mounted Lepidop- tera (Kolyer, 1965). Because the microscopes at hand all had eyepiece housings inclined at 45°, the camera was mounted at this angle.

To link the bellows to the microscope, a sleeve of black felt attached to the bellows was slipped over the eyepiece housing and held in place by wrapping with a piece of heavy copper wire. This method was found

VoLUME 24, NUMBER 1 63

os

Fig. 2. Rear view of apparatus of Figure 1, showing hinged back open (film holder removed). K

advantageous because the microscope was touched only by the felt, pre- venting marring of the instrument, and the connection was flexible so that microscopes with a movable tube (as opposed to the movable stage on some models) could be focussed while viewing the image on the ground glass.

A less-sturdy but satisfactory apparatus, so light in weight that it may be fixed to the microscope without additional support, can be constructed from cardboard (Anonymous, circa 1958). In fact, any design or ma- terials are suitable provided that the film is held in the focal plane.

Procedure (black & white ).—A rectangle of frosted glass was mounted on a 5 mm thick composition board frame so that, when inserted in place of the film holder, the frosted surface was at exactly the same distance from the eyepiece as the film. This was used to focus the image and then was replaced by a cut film holder. A film was exposed, and the illumina- tor was turned on for the desired exposure time (using the switch at lower right of Figure 1).

Excellent results were obtained with Kodak Plus-X Pan professional Film, Estar thick base, 4 X 5 in., developed according to the manufac- turer's instructions. Using a Tasco 16x stereo microscope (shown, with a different camera, in Figure 3), with the Bausch & Lomb illuminator shown in Figure 3 set at highest intensity and positioned with the illuminator lens 4 in. from the specimen, optimum exposure time was 20 sec. The dis-

64 JouRNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY

Fig. 3. Polaroid Model 220 camera, adapted for photomicrography, attached to a 16% stereo microscope (Tasco). Also shown is the Bausch and Lomb micro lamp ( Nicholas illuminator ) used in the examples in the text.

tance from microscope eyepiece lens to film surface was about 7.8 in. With the Jewell binocular microscope (Figure 1) at 1000 (10x wide- field eyepiece, 100 objective (N.A. 1.25) immersed in oil), longer ex- posures, e.g. 2 min., were required.

Prints (4 X 5in.) were prepared with Kodak Azo F-3 paper by the con- tact method, using a relatively long distance (16 in.) between negative and light bulb (250 watts) to secure even light intensity over the whole print.

Procedure (color)—Kodak Ektachrome Color Reversal Film (for artificial light), Type B, 4 x 5 in., was used to make transparencies. De- velopment was done at home with a Kodak Ektachrome film processing kit, E-3, one-gallon size. Because this film was more light-sensitive than the Plus-X Pan, exposure times were shorter, e.g. 1 sec. with the Tasco 16% microscope and illuminator positioned as above. With a 100 microscope, using a 10 objective (0.25 N.A.), more light was required.

VOLUME 24, NUMBER 1 65

Fig. 4. Black spot on the forewing of Pieris rapae (L.) ( 2 ), photographed with the apparatus shown in Figure 3.

A typical exposure time was | sec. with the B & L illuminator tilted 15° down from the horizontal and the lens of the illuminator only 1.3 in. from the subject.

PoLAROID FILM

Apparatus.—A holder for 4 X 5 in. Polaroid film sheets is available which is dimensionally the same as a standard 4 X 5 in. cut film holder and will fit the apparatus described above, but this lists for about twice as much as the less-expensive Polaroid cameras. Also, the 4 < 5 in. Polaroid film is about twice as costly per photograph as the popular 3% x 4% in. black & white Polaroid film sold in packs of 8 (Type 107, ASA 3000). Therefore, a Polaroid Model 220 camera, intended to use both black & white and color film, was adapted by removing the lens and replacing with a wooden block with sliding aluminum insert which closed the open- ing between exposures and was drawn up to open the light path when photographs were being taken (as shown in Figure 3). The distance from eyepiece to film was about 8 in. Again, a frosted glass was used for focus- sing.

Procedure (black & white).—After focussing the image, the frosted glass was removed and replaced by a film pack (Type 107, ASA 3000). Successive photographs were made to optimize exposure time by trial

66 JouRNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY

Fig. 5. A black scale from the spot shown in Figure 4, mounted in Permount (Fisher Scientific Co.) and photographed with the camera shown in Figure 3 attached

to the microscope (at 1000) shown in Figure 1. Localization of the pigment is suggested.

and error. Examples of satisfactory pictures are shown in Figures 4 and 5. In comparison to the above-described conventional film, the Polaroid Type 107 film is very fast (light-sensitive ) so that less light is needed. In the case of Figure 4, illumination was provided by a Tensor lamp (G. E. 93 bulb, at high intensity ) set at 45° and 7 in. from the subject; the Tasco microscope was used, as shown in Figure 3. Using a stopwatch, optimum exposure time was about 1.5 sec. (1 sec. was too short and 3 sec. too long for best intensity in the photograph). For Figure 5, the Jewell binocular microscope was used at 1000X as in a preceding example. An exposure time of 2-3 sec. was suitable.

Procedure (color).—The preceding procedures were repeated using a Polariod color film pack (ASA 75), 3% x 4% in. prints (8) as with the black & white. Since this is a slower film than the black & white 3000 speed, longer exposure times were necessary. With the 16x stereo microscope (B & L illuminator at 45° with illuminator lens 4.5 in. from subject), an exposure

VoLuME 24, NUMBER | 67

Fig. 6. A white scale from a wing of P. rapae which had been exposed to chlorine gas to stain the pterin pigment particles by murexide formation. This is a black & white reproduction of a Polaroid color picture taken with the apparatus used for Figure

5.

time of 10 sec. was suitable. With the 1000 microscope, 1 min. was too short (very dark print), 7.5 min. gave a somewhat dark print, and 11 min. (used for Figure 6) was satisfactory. The colors deviated considerably from reality but may serve to distinguish features stained differentially. In Figure 6, here reproduced in black and white, the irregularly-shaped particles on the scale were red-violet to the eye and appear dark violet (against a pale blue-green background ) in the photograph.

CONCLUSION

A photomicrographic camera using conventional films may be home- made and give excellent results, but the inexpensive Polaroid cameras now available (color models for under $30) are readily adapted for photo- micrography and offer the advantage of “instant” pictures using the popular, relatively low-cost film packs. Polaroid color photographs, useful

68 JoURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY

at least in cases of differential staining, are easily taken once exposure time has been optimized. Film cost is a little over 50¢ per color picture.

LITERATURE CITED

ALLEN, R. M. 1941. Photomicrography. D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., New York City. AnonyMous. Circa 1958. American Optical Co. Reports on Teaching with the Microscope. American Optical Co., Instrument Division, Buffalo, New York. Kotyer, J. M. 1965. An inexpensive apparatus for photographing mounted specimens. J. Lepid. Soc. 19(4): 212-214.

LovELAND, R. P. 1943. Simplified photomicrography with a hand camera. Science 97( 2505): 24-26.

SHILLABER, C. P. 1944. Photomicrography in Theory and Practice. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York City.

NOTES ON THE GENUS CEPHISE EVANS, WITH A NEW RECORD FOR MEXICO (HESPERIIDAE)

H. A. FREEMAN 1605 Lewis Drive, Garland, Texas

When W. H. Evans (1952, p. 153) described the genus Cephise, he made the statement that the actual systematic position of the genus was doubtful. “The elongated wings and the conspicuous tornal lobe H indi- cate affinity with Chrysoplectrum in the Urbanus group, while the broad costa points to Achalarus. But the genitalia are not of the Urbanus type: the very broad-ended uncus with a snow-white dorsal tuft is peculiar. The proximity of veins 7 and 8 F rather than veins 6 and 7 point to the Celaenorrhinus group near Nascus and there is a similar sexual difference, F spots yellow in male, white in female, though not differing in size or dis- position. The position in repose is unknown. ¢ upf with an unusually long costal fold, reaching to beyond the discal spots. Clasp with a slender style.”

Evans also stated that there was but a single species, cephise (Herrich- Schaeffer) 1869, represented by two subspecies. In the nominate sub- species the cuiller of clasp is long, narrow and straight. The spot in space lb in both sexes is against the outer edge of the spot in space 2. The sub- species is recorded from Honduras, Panama, Fr. Guiana, Surinam, Upper Amazons (St. Paulo d’Olivenca), Para, Ecuador and Peru. The other subspecies is hydarnes (Mabille) 1876, which has the cuiller of clasp broad

ind irregular. The females have the spot in space Ib on the upper surface

_ the primaries with the upper edge exactly against the lower edge of the

VOLUME 24, NUMBER 1 69

spot in space 2. This has been recorded from Matto Grosso, S. Brazil (Rio, Sao Paulo, Blumenau) and Paraguay. Actually, cephise and hydarnes represent separate species on the basis of their genitalia and the spot ar- rangement of the females.

During June 1969, while collecting on the grounds of Hotel Covadonga, six miles south of Ciudad Valles, S. L. P., Mexico, I caught two males and a female of cephise; this represents a new skipper record for Mexico. Ob- servations made during this collecting period makes it possible to correctly place systematically the genus Cephise. The three specimens collected were found in rather dense jungle. Their flight pattern and position in repose is very similar to members of the genus Urbanus. During the middle of the day when the jungle is hot and still cephise rests on the under surface of banana leaves or other similar vegetation with the wings folded. When disturbed they dart out and fly for a short distance but before settling again will abruptly hit the underside of a leaf two or three times before coming to rest. This characteristic is also exhibited by mem- bers of the genus Urbanus and Astraptes. Apparently this approach will disturb any predatory spider which might be present; the jungle is full of such arachnids.

From information obtained by observing the habits of Cephise cephise I now rearrange the position of Cephise and place it between Urbanus and Astraptes. Certain morphological as well as the behavioral characteristics indicate that this is a much better arrangement than that of Evans in which it follows Nascus, a member of the Celaenorrhinus group the species of which hold their wings flat in repose.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I would like to express my appreciation to the American Philosophical Society for a research grant which made this study possible.

BIBLIOGRAPHY Evans, W. H. 1952. A catalogue of the American Hesperiidae indicating the classifi-

cation and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. Part II. London, British Museum. 178 pp.

70 JouRNAL oF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY

y GY Z

OBITUARY ALEXANDR SERGEEVICH DANILEVSKI

On the 27th of March, 1969, there died unexpectedly of heart failure at his home in Leningrad, the eminent Russian entomologist and lepidopterist, Dr. Alexandr Ser- geevich Danilevski. Dr. Danilevski was the leading experimental insect ecologist and physiologist of the USSR, a prominent systematist of the Lepidoptera, and an authority on the Tortricidae or leaf-rollers. He was Dean of the Faculty of Biology and Agronomy and professor of Entomology at the University of Leningrad.

Dr. Danilevski was born on the 4th of March, 1911, near the town of Mirgorod, in the district of Poltava in the Ukraine. His father was an agronomist; his mother, a

chool teacher, was the granddaughter of the great Russian poet, A. S. Pushkin. Even as a schoolboy he was attracted to natural history and became a familiar figure at the Poltava Museum and Experimental Station. After finishing high school in 1930 he re- ned in Leningrad to enter the Institute of Applied Zoology and Phytopathology, here he completed his studies in 1933 with excellent marks. At that time he was perienced faunist and systematist of Lepidoptera. He took a post at the

VOLUME 24, NUMBER 1 fil

Federal Institute for Plant Protection, where he studied the problem of food specializa- tion in insects. His first scientific paper, which dealt with the results of his study, was published in 1935.

In 1936, Dr. Danilevski became reader at the University of Leningrad; his connec- tion with this University lasted throughout the rest of his life and his entire scientific career.

During World War II he volunteered for military service and took part in the heroic defense of Leningrad. After the war he returned to Leningrad University, first as reader in the Department of Entomology, and since 1955 as its head. In 1967 he was appointed Dean of the Faculty of Biology and Agronomy. Concurrently during these years, Dr. Danilevski worked at the Zoological Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, where he headed the Division of Lepidoptera. He maintained a very close contact with this Institute until the last day of his life.

Dr. Danilevski’s work on Applied Entomology and Phytopathology directed his interest to acute problems of plant protection and so paved the way for his later great ecological work. He studied the ecological regulation of population density and of biological cycles of pests, starting with the interrelation between pests and their food plants. When he undertook a study of distribution and acclimatization of certain lasiocampid species in the USSR, he viewed the problem from ecological and physiological aspects. His analysis showed that limits of an area of distribution cannot be explained solely by the ecological requirements of active insect stages, but that the resting stages of the life cycle must also be taken into account. This conclusion awakened his interest in diapause and the factors regulating it. The results of his studies on reactivation and adaptation of stages in diapause have become fundamental for the understanding of many problems of ecology and zoogeography.

A new step in the development of insect ecology was provided by his studies on photoperiodical adaptations. The influence of day-length on insect development had been discovered at the beginning of the present century, but Dr. Danilevski was the first to realize the great importance of this aspect of the regulation of diapause, and of other cyclic seasonal phenomena. He showed the wide occurrence of the photo- periodic reaction in insects, demonstrated the diversity of its occurrence, and deter- mined the geographical variability of the reaction and its dependence on temperature, food, and other factors of the environment. He was the first to study the hereditary, as well as many other aspects of the photoperiodic reaction. As the final result of his re- search, he defined the ecological mechanism of the regulation of the life cycle in insects. A theoretical conclusion of his research was his monograph and doctoral thesis: “Photoperiodism and seasonal development of insects” (1961), for which he was awarded a first prize by Leningrad University. This book has been published in translation in England and Japan, and is generally recognized as one of the classic works on invertebrate ecology.

To the end of his life Dr. Danilevski continued the study of photoperiodism and so erected a school of ecologists. In 1968 his pupils published a symposium entitled “Photoperiodical Adaptation in Insects and Acari,” in connection with the XIIIth International Congress of Entomology.

He was also a talented and devoted teacher and had a large number of ardent pupils ranging from University lecturers and students to school teachers and school children, for all of whom he organized entomology classes.

At the same time, Dr. Danilevski was very active in the field of the systematics of Palaearctic Lepidoptera. When still quite young and under the influence of the Russian lepidopterist, N. N. Filipjev, he made special study of the Tortricidae or leaf- rollers and soon became a great authority on this group of Microlepidoptera. In all, he described over seven new genera and 60 new species, chiefly of the Tortricidae; he was also an authority on lepidopterous larvae. He edited the late A. M. Gerasimov s monograph on the caterpillars of the USSR and made many additions from his own

72 JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY

knowledge. He compiled keys to insect orders based on last larval stages, and pub- lished a fauna of dendrophilous larvae of Lepidoptera of the USSR.

In systematics, Dr. Danilevski applied not only the classical methods but used his fundamental knowledge of ecological data. All his purely taxonomical papers have an ecological approach, so valuable, but so often completely lacking in the work of others. This approach is evident in the recent (1968) monumental monograph on the tribe Laspeyresiini of the USSR (tortricid fruit-borers), which was published by him and his pupil V. I. Kuznetsov. This is unquestionably the best treatise on the group to have appeared within the last hundred years.

The scientific merits of Dr. Danilevski have been acknowledged both in his own country and abroad. He was member of the Board of the Federal Entomological So- ciety of the Scientific Advising Committee of Leningrad University, of the Zoological Institute of the Academy of Sciences, and of the Federal Institute for Plant Protection. He was also a member of the Editorial Board of Entomologicheskoye Obozreniye and of the international journal Insect Physiology.

Besides his scientific qualifications, Dr. Danilevski was a most amiable and kindly man, a lively and interesting companion, and a warmly sociable person. His so un- expected and much too early death cannot but be a severe loss for all his friends, students, and colleagues as well as for lepidopterology in the USSR and abroad.—A.

DriaxonorfF, Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, Netherlands.

MATING FLIGHT OF BUTTERFLIES WITH MIMETIC FEMALES AND NON-MIMETIC MALES

Although no records were kept and it is therefore impossible to cite precise dates and localities, the mating of the following five species has been observed with some frequency over a good many years. In all cases the female was the active partner and the nuptial flight took place in the afternoon, but earlier for Hypolimnas misippus L. than for the species of Papilionidae.

Papilionidae:

Papilio polytes L. Mysore, (S. India) and Ceylon, 1939 Papilio dardanus Brown. Rhodesia and East Africa, 1940-1968 Papilio echerioides Trimen. Kenya and Ethiopia, 1940-1968 Papilio jacksoni Sharpe. Kenya Highlands, 1955-1968

Nymphalidae:

Hypolimnas misippus L. East Africa, 1955-68, Aldabra Island, (Indian Ocean, March 1968)

The species listed above show very conspicuous sexual dimorphism, and there is n0 possibility of error. It is also logical that these species should be protected by exposure of the (mimetic) female pattern during the very slow and vulnerable mating flight. It is likely that most species with mimetic females and non-mimetic

es behave in a similar fashion, but the matter requires further study.—R. H.

‘CASSON, Centennial Museum, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

VOLUME 24, NUMBER 1] es

MINUTES OF THE SIXTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE PACIFIC SLOPE SECTION OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY

SEPTEMBER 5-7, 1969, LOS ANGELES, CALIF.

FRIDAY, SEPT. 5

The formal meetings took place at the Los Angeles.County Museum of Natural His- tory in Exposition Park. On Friday afternoon some of the early arrivals visited the Entomology Section in the museum building. The collections were available for study, and as is known by many, it is especially rich in Lepidoptera; it contains many older specimens taken by pioneer collectors in the “classic” Southern California localities. Dr. C. L. Hocur was host, and as member of the program committee, arranged the sub- sequent dinner, luncheon and banquet.

Later, an informal social gathering for cocktails and dinner took place at a nearby restaurant on Figueroa St. This included a few of the later arrivals. Proceedings gained momentum with an after-dinner “beer-bust’” at an adjoining “water-hole.”

SATURDAY, SEPT. 6

Members and guests gathered at the museum building for registration and informal discussion. Coffee and doughnuts, compliments of the Lorquin Entomological Society, were available.

Shortly after 10 a.m. the meeting was called to order by Dr. C. L. Hocur. R. L. LANGSTON was unanimously elected Secretary pro tem. Dr. J. W. TILDEN was elected chairman of the Resolutions Committee.

The Address of Welcome by Dr. HERBERT FRIEDMANN, LACMNH Museum Director was read in his absence by Dr. Hocue.

The Presidential Address by Dr. DAviy Harpwick, Canada Dept. of Agriculture was also read in his absence. It was stated that the 1970 meeting will be held in conjunc- tion with the National Meeting in Carson City, Nevada.

E. J. Newcomer, Yakima, Wash., informed the group that, on the basis of the mail- ings of the NEWS, the Society has enjoyed a 33% increase in members.

Dr. Hocur announced the retirement of LLoyp M. Martin on July 31, 1969, and that at the time of the meetings, Mr. MARTIN was visiting museums in Europe. A “Best Wishes” card was placed at the coffee table, to be signed by the Lepidopterists.

The Saturday morning session included two formal presentations:

Papilio hybrid studies—FRED THORNE, El Cajon, Calif.

Hand pairing of Papilios—W1LL1AM HeEnpcEs, Lakeside, Calif.

A showing of slides, with Cart GooppAsTuRE as projectionist included:

Nevada collecting spots—PETER HERLAN, Carson City, Nevada

Alaskan butterfly life—KENELM Purip, Fairbanks, Alaska (narrated in his absence by Carl Goodpasture ).

Colias of the Palearctic compared to the Nearetie—WILLIAM Hovanitz, Arcadia, Calif.

Collecting spots in Oregon—Warners, Steen Mtns.—E. J. NEwcoMer, Yakima, Wash.

Speyeria leto pugatensis, gynandomorph from northwestern California—STERLING Marroon, Chico, Calif.

“The five mountain ranges around Albuquerque” plus slides of Speyeria, Ca- tocala, etc.—RicHARD HoLianp, Albuquerque, New Mexico.

The meeting was then adjourned for a group luncheon at the restaurant on Figueroa St. Generous portions were served, and no long speeches occurred.

At 1:35 p.m. the meeting was called to order by Dr. J. W. TrwpEN. Mrs. CHARLES

74 JoURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY

HocvE was introduced as the hostess for the Saturday afternoon LADIES PROGRAM. The program included a visit to the Los Angeles County Museum of Art.

The Saturday afternoon session consisted of several studies:

Distributional patterns of California moths—RoONALD LEuscHNER, Gardena, Calif.

Microlepidoptera associated with oaks in California—PavuLt Op er, Albany, Calif.

Mechanisms of sex pheromone communication among moths—Harry SHOREY, Riverside, Calif.

A brief coffee-doughnut break ensued, then back to the tight schedule.

A collecting trip in northern latitudes and “‘Rediscovery of Pieris napi colei”— Don Err, Boulder, Colorado (read in his absence by Dr. Tilden).

An Open ForuM on NOMENCLATURE was next on the agenda, led by the following panelists:

Pappy McHenry, Burbank, Calif.—‘‘Introduction to nomenclature.” E. J. Newcomer, Yakima, Wash.—‘‘Pronunciation.”’

Lively discussion followed, but was cut short because of the lateness of the hour. Before closing, Dr. J. A. PowELL, Berkeley, Calif., gave a report on the Lepidopterists’ SociETy meeting in East Lansing, Michigan, June 16-17, 1969. The meeting was then adjourned by Dr. TiLDEN at 5:10 p.m.

The annual banquet was held at the Cockatoo Inn in Hawthorne, several miles down the freeway and dozens of stop-signals later. Following the sumptuous dinner, there was a showing of the EucENE O. MurMAN transparencies. These paintings shown through two projectors (some to indicate iridescence ) were mostly of North American butterflies. It was ably narrated by Dr. Joun Gartu, Allan Hancock Foundation, Los Angeles, Calif.

SUNDAY, SEPT. 7

Members and guests again gathered at the LACMNH, with the meeting being called to order shortly after 9 a.m. by Dr. Hocue.

ELtTon O. SEtTE presided over the Sunday session, at which the following papers were presented:

Co-existence of Plebejus in Southern California—Cari_ GooppasturE, Pasadena, Calif.

Relationships within the acmon group of Plebejus—Dr. J. W. TiLpEN, San Jose, @alit

A short break was then taken to partake of coffee and doughnuts, again furnished by the Lorquin Entomological Society. The program resumed with:

Butterflies of five central New Mexico mountain ranges—RicHARD HOLLAND, Albuquerque, New Mexico.

Notes on rearing Speyeria—STERLING MatTroon, Chico, Calif.

Evolution in the genus Argynnis—Dr. Witt1AM Hovanirz, Arcadia, Calif.

Anthocaris bionomics and distribution in the Great Basin—Rev. Davin L. BAUER, South Lake Tahoe, Calif.

The “Collecting reports” next on the agenda were omitted because of the very crowded schedule. However, several Lepidoptera collections by various members had oS on wey during the two days, and reprints and mimeographed papers were made avallaple

The business meeting was then convened by ELTon O. SETTE.

The Society Library: Dr. PETER BELLINGER, Northridge, Calif. reported on the

status of the library. lt has expanded considerably with the addition of many books and reprints. Also on file are the field season reports. Numerous scientific journals are received in exchange for our JOURNAL. These materials are available to all members,

to borrow either in person or by mail.

Preasurer s report: NELSON Baker, Santa Barbara, Calif., reported that $95 is on deposit in the account. An additional $39 was received from registrations at the cur-

VOLUME 24, NUMBER 1 TE

rent meeting. However, from this, more than $12 was paid for banquet entertainment. Another $10 was used for postage and program printing. It was moved that the treasurer secure a permanent record book. A vote of confidence was given Nelson Baker to continue as the Pacific Slope Treasurer, with checking account rights to be extended to Dr. Hogue.

Dr. J. W. TrLpEN, Chairman, proposed the following resolutions:

1) That a vote of thanks be extended to Dr. Friedmann and the staff of the Los Angeles County Museum for use of the facilities of the museum.

2) Also to Charles Hogue, Lloyd Martin, and Fred Thorne for their work in planning the program and making arrangements for the meetings.

3) Also to the Lorquin Entomological Society for providing the coffee and snacks.

4) That the Secretary pro tem. be asked to extend to the President and Society an invitation to meet jointly with the Pacific Slope Section in 1970 at Carson City.

5) That members of the Society and Registrants, wishing to take this opportunity of acknowledging the contributions of Lloyd Martin to the Society and its individ- ual members, extend their greetings to Mr. Martin on the occasion of his formal retirement, in the hope and expectation that he will in fact continue his activity for many more years.

6) That it is the sense of this meeting that the Lepidopterists’ Society should begin appropriate action, as a body, and in conjunction with other organizations, to obtain protection for endangered species of insects, other animals and plants, and to preserve the natural ecology of North America and the rest of the World.

The first five were either passed or approved by acclamation. The sixth point on conservation entailed further discussion.

A motion was made by Fred Thorne that a committee be appointed for the Society to enter into the field of conservation. Paul Opler stated that the conservation issue had already been discussed at the National meeting. Further discussion revealed that conservation is a matter to be considered by the Society as a whole. Several people expressed opinions for and against. Subsequently the whole matter was tabled.

It was moved by Fred Thorne that the Society congratulate Peter Bellinger on the wonderful library work. Approval was unanimous.

Selection of 1970 meeting place and date: Paul Opler and Jon Shepard were on the committee for merging the National meeting with the Pacific Slope meeting, and Carson City was chosen. The location was agreeable to President Hardwick, Peter Herlan and others concerned. Charles Harbison suggested that the last weekend in June would be appropriate. This was not acted upon, but Herlan stated that any sum- mer date chosen would be agreeable to the eastern group. Dr. Tilden proposed that we accept the recommendations from the established (Opler) committee. Dr. Powell amended the motion to accept in advance that date for the meeting ultimately decided on by the (to-be-elected) Program Chairman. Nelson Baker moved that we choose a definite date. The original (Tilden) motion was passed after much interim discussion. The amendment ( Powell) was withdrawn by Powell. In summary, Noel La Due moved that the time and place be selected by the Program Committee. The motion passed, but most present were confused by this time. Opler moved that Herlan be in charge of local arrangements, and that David L. Bauer and Tilden be co-chairmen of the pro- gram committee. The motion was passed.

Selection of site for 1971 meeting: Paul Opler moved that the 1971 program com- mittee be selected by the chairman of this session (Sette). Sette selected Thorne as Chairman, with the latter to be assisted by McHenry and Powell. The selection was approved.

Amid a last minute flurry of discussion and general visiting, the meeting was noisily adjourned. A few of the lingering members had a late lunch in the museum cafeteria; these and others also re-visited the Entomology Section.

76 JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY

ATTENDANCE

Although most delegates were from California, five other states were represented. Members, guests and speakers who attended all or part of the meetings and banquet included:

N. W. Baker & wife, D. L. Bauer, P. F. Bellinger, R. W. Breedlove, C. J. Callaghan (Utah), J. F. Emmel, M. Eloas, G. S. Forbes, J. Garth & wife, C. Goodpasture, C. F. Harbison, W. A. Hedges & wife, J. B. Heppner, P. J. Herlan (Nevada), C. L. Hogue & wife, R. Holland (New Mexico), W. Hovanitz & wife, K. C. Hughes, W. Klein, N. La Due & wife, J. Lane & date, R. L. Langston, R. Leuschner & wife, S. Mattoon & wife, P. McHenry, J. R. Mori, E. J. Newcomer (Washington), P. A. Opler & wife, B. Perkins & wife (Oregon), J. A. Powell, C. Quick, A. Rubbert & wife, C. A. Sekerman, O. E. Sette, O. A. Shields, H. Shorey, J. S. Snider, W. L. Swisher, Fred Thorne, K. Tidwell & wife (Utah), J. W. Tilden & wife, and M. Toliver (New Mexico).

Ropert L. LAncston (Secretary pro tem.), 3 Arlington Ave., Berkeley 7, Calif.

INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE IN (Gi, 88). OE

Required six-month’s rotice is given on the possible use of plenary powers by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in connection with the follow- ing names listed by case number:

1867. Suppression of Huebner’s pamphlet Der Schmetterlinge Lepidoptera Linnaei europdisches Heer, circa 1790-1793.

1875. Suppression of Papilio saportae Huebner, 1828/32 (Insecta, Lepidoptera).

1876. Type-species for Agrotiphila Grote, 1875 (Insecta, Lepidoptera ).

Comments should be sent in duplicate, citing case number, to the Secretary, Inter- national Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, c/o British Museum (Natural His- tory), Cromwell Road, London S.W.7, England. Those received early enough will be published in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature.

November 1969

W. li. Cuina, Assistant Secretary to the International Commission on Zoological No- menclature.

a

NOTICE TO CONTRIBUTORS

Contributions to the Journal may deal with any aspect of the collection and study of Lepidoptera. Shorter articles are favored, and authors will be requested to pay for material in excess of 20 printed pages, at the rate of $17.50 per page. Address all correspondence relating to the Journal to: Dr. D. F. Hardwick, K. W. Neatby Bldg., Central Experimental Farm, Carling Ave., Ottawa, Canada.

Contributors should prepare manuscripts according to the following instructions; failure to do so will result in unnecessary delay prior to publication.

Text: Manuscripts must be typewritten, entirely double-spaced, employing wide margins, on one side only of white, 8% x 11 inch paper. Authors should keep a carbon copy of the MS. Titles should be explicit and descriptive of the article’s content, including the family name of the subject, but must be kept as short as possible. The first mention of a plant or animal in the text should include the full scientific name, with authors of zoological names. Underline only where italics are intended in the text (never in headings). References to footnotes should be numbered consecutively, and the footnotes should be typed on a separate sheet.

Literature cited: References in the text should be given as, Comstock (1927) or (Comstock 1933, 1940a, 1940b) and all must be listed alphabetically under the heading LireraturReE Cirep, in the following format:

Comstock, J. A. 1927. Butterflies of California. Los Angeles, Calif. 334 pp. 1940a. Notes on the early stages of Xanthothrix ranunculi. Bull. So. Calif. Acad. Sci. 39: 198-199.

Illustrations: All photographs and drawings should be mounted on stiff, white backing, arranged in the desired format, for reduction to the page size (4% x 7 inches), including space for legends. The authors name, figure numbers as cited in the text (where these are not intended to be engraved on the plate), and an indication of the article’s title should be printed on the back of each mounted plate. No charges are made to authors for line drawings or halftone (photographic) figures, provided these are submitted in satisfactory condition for reproduction without touch-up work. Figures, both line drawings and halftones, should be num- bered consecutively in Arabic numerals. The term “plate” should not be employed. Figure legends must be typewritten, double-spaced, on a separate page (not attached to the illustrations ), headed ExpLANATION OF FicuRES, with a separate paragraph de- voted to each page of illustrations.

Proofs: The edited MS and galley proofs will be mailed to the author for correction of printer’s errors. Excessive author’s changes at this time will be charged to authors at the rate of 75¢ per line. A purchase order for reprints will accompany the proofs.

Tables: Tables should be numbered consecutively in Arabic numerals. Headings for tables should not be capitalized. Tabular material should be kept to a minimum and must be typed on separate sheets, and placed following the main text, with the approximate desired position indicated in the text. Vertical rules should be avoided.

Material not intended for permanent record, such as current events and notices, should be sent to the editor of the News: Dr. C. V. Covell, Dept. of Biology, Univer- sity of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40208.

Memoirs of the Lepidopterists’ Society, No. 1 (Feb. 1964) A SYNONYMIC LIST OF THE NEARCTIC RHOPALOCERA

by Cyr F. pos Passos

Price: Society members—$4.50, others—$6.00; uncut, unbound signatures available for interleaving and private binding, same prices; hard cover bound, add $1.50. postpaid

ALLEN PRESS, INC. ene LAWRENCE, KANSAS US. m&

CONTENTS

Careasson, R. H. Mating flight of butterflies with mimetic females and

non-mimetic ‘miales)) ee 72 Clench, H. K. A new subspecies of Brephidium exilis from Yucatan (Lep- idoptera::Lyeaenidae) 000 3- 6 Clench, H. K. Generic notes on two hairstreaks new to the United States (Lycaenidae) (i 56-59 Covell, C. V.. What's your collection worth 000 ee 51-54 Diakonoff, A. Obituary of Alexandr Sergeevich Danilevski _ 70-72 Emsley, M. G. An observation on the use of color for species-recognition in Heliconius besckei (Nymphalidae) ee 25 Freeman, H. A. Notes on the genus Cephise Evans, with a new record for Mexico \{ Hesperiidae) 000000 68-69 Greene, G. L. Head measurements and weights of the bean leaf roller, Urbanus ‘proteus (Hesperiidae) 0.0 47-51 Kendall, R. O. Three hairstreaks (Lycaenidae) new to Texas and the United’ States ioe Ve AUS Ode 59-61 Kolyer, J. M. Inexpensive photomicrography 61-68 Masters, J. H. A new Caltithomia (Ithomiidae) from Bolivia 22-24

Masters, J. H. A new Perisama (Nymphalidae: Callicorini) from Bolivia . 10-13

Masters, J. H. Bionomic notes on Haeterini and Biini in Venezuela (Sa-

fyridae). 0 a Mn ONE ARO OSS Cy GSS ert 15-18 McGuffin, W. C. The immature stages of Scopula ancellata (Hulst) (Geo- metridae) 00 ui OE OU TU UE IN A NS Sr 54-55

Miller, L. D. Multiple capture of Caria ino melicerta (Riodinidae ) at light 13-15 Muller, J. New records for New Jersey with notes of other scarce captures

Wr SL OGT! oo I i SES A aU Rr l- 3 Munshi, G. H. and S. A. Moiz. Studies on the biology and seasonal history

of Polydorus aristolochiae (Papilionidae) 19-22 Nielsen, M. C. New Michigan butterfly records 0) 42-47 dos Passos, C. F. A revised synonymic catalogue with taxonomic notes on

some Nearctic Lycaenidae 0 Or 26-38 Povolny, D. F. An interesting new species of the New World Gnorimosche-

mini (Gelechiidae) from the Lesser Antilles 0. 6-10 Steyskal, G. C. On the nature and use of the suffix -ellus, -ella, -ellum in

SPECIES-Zroup, NAMES oO TO ta ile he 38-41 Minutes of 16th Annual Meeting of Pacific Slope Section 73-76

Zoological Nomenclature

Volume 24 1970 Number 2

JOURNAL

of the

LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY

Published quarterly by THE LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY Publié par LA SOCIETE DES LEPIDOPTERISTES Herausgegeben von DER GESELLSCHAFT DER LEPIDOPTEROLOGEN

29 May 1970

THE LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY

EDITORIAL COMMITTEE

D. F. Harpwicx, Editor of the Journal C. V. Covet, Editor of the News S. A. HesseL, Manager of the Memoirs

EXECUTIVE COUNCIL

E. B. Forp (Oxford, England ), President

C. L. Remincron (New Haven, Conn. ), President-elect L. P. BRower (Amherst, Mass.), Ist Vice President

L. M. Martin (Prescott, Ariz.), Vice President

J. W. TxxvEN (San Jose, Calif.), Vice President

S. S. Nicoay (Virginia Beach, Va.), Treasurer

J. C. Downey (Cedar Falls, Ia.) Secretary

Members at large (three year term): W. C. McGurrin (Ottawa, Ont.) 1971 J. F. G. Cuarxe (Washington, D.C.) 1970 Y. NexruTenxo (Kiev, U.S.S.R.) 1971 H. K. Ciencu (Pittsburgh, Penna.) 1970 B. Maruer (Jackson, Miss.) 1972

B. Wricut (Halifax, N.S.) 1970 M. Ocata (Osaka, Japan) 1972

A. E. Brower (Augusta, Me.) 1971 E. C. Wetuinc (Merida, Mexico) 1972

The object of the Lepidopterists’ Society, which was formed in May, 1947 and formally constituted in December, 1950, is “to promote the science of lepidopterology in all its branches, . . . to issue a periodical and other publications on Lepidoptera, to facilitate the exchange of specimens and ideas by both the professional worker and the amateur in the field; to secure cooperation in all measures” directed towards these aims.

Membership in the Society is open to all persons interested in the study of Lepidoptera. All members receive the Journal and the News of the Lepidopterists’ Society. Institutions may subscribe to the Journal but may not become members. Prospective members should send to the Treasurer full dues for the current year, together with their full name, address, and special lepidopterological interests. In alternate years a list of members of the Society is issued, with addresses and special interests. There are four numbers in each volume of the Journal, scheduled for February, May, August and November, and eight numbers of the News each year.

Active members—annual dues $8.00 Student members—annual dues $5.00 Sustaining members—annual dues $15.00 Life members—single sum $125.00 Institutional subscriptions—annual $10.00

Send remittances, payable to The Lepidopterists’ Society, and address changes to: S. S. Nicolay, 1500 Wakefield Dr., Virginia Beach, Virginia, 23455.

The Lepidopterists’ Society is a non-profit, scientific organization. The office of publication is Yale University, Peabody Museum, New Haven, Connecticut 06520. Second class postage paid at Lawrence, Kansas, U.S.A. 66044.

net A Sia

JOURNAL OF

Tue LerpipoprtreERiIstTs’ SOCIETY

Volume 24 1970 Number 2

THE ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION OF SEASONAL DIMORPHISM IN PIERIS NAPI OLERACEA (PIERIDAE)

CHARLES G. OLIVER

Department of Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut

The causes of seasonal changes in the coloration, wing marking pattern, and even wing and body structure of Lepidoptera have long been an intriguing subject for experimentation. The changes may be of .two basic types: either a marked but continuous shift in intensity and extent of pattern elements or ground color, or a sharply defined dimorphism in which colors and pattern elements may be completely replaced and changes in wing and body structure may occur. The former type is com- mon in continuously brooded species such as Colias eurytheme Boisduval and Phyciodes tharos Drury, while the latter occurs most often in dis- cretely brooded species such as Araschnia levana L. and Celastrina argiolus L.

Two chief factors, temperature and photoperiod, have so far been shown to be of importance in regulating seasonal forms. In Precis octavia Cramer the effect is caused entirely by rearing temperature (McLeod, 1968). The appearance of female Ascia monuste L., which may vary in color from white to dark gray (Pease, 1962) and the seasonal dimor- phism of Pieris protodice Boisduval & LeConte (Shapiro, 1968) are, on the other hand, due to daily photoperiod exposure during the immature stages. The forms of other species such as Araschnia levana (Siffert, 1924; Miller, 1955, 1956) and Colias eurytheme (Ae, 1957) apparently are regulated by a synergism between temperature and photoperiod.

Pieris napi oleracea Harris is sharply bivoltine in eastern North America. The spring and summer broods differ markedly in body to wing size proportions and in the extent and intensity of wing pattern (Table 1). The experiments described here were designed as an attempt to produce the seasonal forms shown in nature using temperature and photoperiod as controlled variables.

78 JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY

TABLE 1. Differences in appearance between “spring” and “summer” phenotypes of Pieris napi oleracea.

“Spring” phenotype “Summer” phenotype 1. Body relatively stout, dark, hairy. Body relatively slender, lighter-colored, smooth.

2. Dorsal dark scaling at wing bases and Dorsal dark scaling light. forewing apex heavy.

3. Scaling along veins on underside of Scaling along veins on underside of hind hind wing always very dark, complete, wing varying from light and complete, to clear-cut. light and incomplete, to absent.

Procedure

Four broods of P. n. oleracea were derived from wild-inseminated females collected 15 May 1968 at Wahconah Falls State Park, Berkshire Co., Massachusetts. The newly hatched larvae of three of the females were divided into two lots for rearing both on long days, short nights (15hL/9hD ) and on short days, long nights (12hL/12hD), while those of the fourth female were reared only on long days, short nights. All of the larvae were fed on cut mustard leaves (Brassica) and given a 25° C day and a 22° C night.

None of the pupae produced from long-day larvae entered diapause, and are hereafter referred to as the non-diapausing pupae. Among these emergence or death occurred in every case within six to ten days. None of the pupae produced from short-day larvae had emerged after two to three weeks and were thus presumed to have entered diapause (the diapausing pupae). They were placed at 5° C in darkness for 10 weeks to terminate diapause.

Immediately after pupation the non-diapausing pupae were subdivided into four lots and redistributed to await adult development under the following temperature and photoperiod regimes: 25° C day, 22° C night, I5hL/9hD (N=14); 25° C day, 22° C night, 12hL/12hD (N =13);: 25° C day, 15° C night, 16hL/ShD (N=12);, 25° € day, 5 °a@enmente 16hL/8hD (N=18). Mortality of the pupae was 8/65 (12.3%), due probably in some cases to cold shock.

The diapausing pupae were left on their larval temperature and photo- period regimes until the onset of chilling. After removal from cold, they were subdivided into three lots, all kept on long days and at 25° C during the day, but with night temperatures of 22° C (N = 14), 15° C (N =8), 5° C (N=8). Hatching of 30/43 (69.8%) of the pupae occurred six to 18 days after removal from cold. The death of another pupa occurred before 18 days after chilling, while the other 12 pupae were kept at

VoLUME 24, NuMBER 2 79

‘A,

Figs. A-D, Pieris napi oleracea, ventral view of males. A, “Spring” adult from diapausing pupa; B—D, extreme light, medium, and extreme dark “summer” adults from non-diapausing pupae. (All laboratory-reared progeny of wild-caught females from Berkshire Co., Mass., 15 May 1968. )

room temperature for several months and gradually desiccated without ever hatching.

Results

The results were unequivocal. In each case the non-diapausing pupae produced adults typical of the “summer” phenotype, while the diapausing pupae produced typical “spring” adults. There was no correlation of phenotype to any environmental factor except larval photoperiod ex- posure. Each of the four broods gave the same range of adult variation in coloration as found in the wild summer emergence (Table 1 and Figs. C and D). The diapausing pupae gave adults all almost identical in

80 JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY

appearance to each other, regardless of pupal photoperiod and tempera- ture regime (Figs. A and B).

Discussion

Clearly the basic environmental factor determining seasonal form in P. napi oleracea is larval photoperiod exposure. However, it is impossible as yet to say whether it is larval photoperiod itself or the occurrence of diapause in the pupa that actually directly determines which phenotype is to be produced, since larval photoperiod and diapause cannot here be separated.

It is interesting that even though part of the non-diapausing pupae were chilled overnight during the time when adult wing pigment was being formed, there was no darkening effect at all shown in the emerging adults. This seems to be in contradiction to Merrifield’s (1893) report that chilling summer pupae of British P. napi L. caused the emerging adults to have “most, but not all, of the characteristics of the spring form.” Merrifield’s pupae were, however, chilled for three to four months prior to exposure to spring (average 54° F') or summer (average 80° F) con- ditions during development. There was no further intensification of dark markings in the lot exposed to spring conditions. Probably the pupae had entered diapause at the onset of the three or four months of chilling, but it may be that P. n. napi has a rather different system for the regulation of seasonal forms from that of P. n. oleracea.

The results indicate that P. n. oleracea in eastern North America has two systems that regulate the appearance of the adult phenotype. The first is the inherited, environment-independent expression of dark wing markings in the “summer” form. This system is responsible for the indi- vidual variation found in the summer brood. The second is the environ- mentally induced “switching on” of the “spring” form. Since this involves uniformly maximum expression of the characters that show variation in the summer form, as well as new differences, any genetic variation in wing pattern that would be revealed in the summer brood is concealed in the spring brood.

Summary

Diapausing and non-diapausing pupae of Pieris napi oleracea were exposed to various photoperiod and temperature regimes during adult development. The pupae which had undergone diapause produced only adults of the “spring” form, whereas those that had not, produced only adults of the “summer” form. Regulation of seasonal dimorphism is thus

VoLUME 24, NUMBER 2 81

controlled by larval photoperiod exposure, which also controls the induc- tion of pupal diapause.

Acknowledgment

I thank Dr. Charles L. Remington for his helpful advice during the preparation of this paper.

Literature Cited

AE, S. A. 1957. Effects of photoperiod on Colias eurytheme. Lepid. News 11: 207-214.

McLeop, L. 1968. Controlled environment experiments with Precis octavia Cramer (Nymphalidae). J. Res. Lepid. 7: 1-18.

MERRIFIELD, F. 1893. The effects of temperature in the pupal stage on the colouring of Pieris napi, Vanessa atalanta, Chrysophanus phlaeas, and Ephyra punctaria. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 41: 55-67.

Mtuier, H. J. 1955. Die Saisonformbildung von Araschnia levana, ein photo- periodisch gesteurter Diapause-Effekt. Naturwiss. 43: 134-135.

1956. Die Wirkung verschiedener diurnaler Licht-Dunkel-Relationen auf die Saisonformbildung von Araschnia levana. Naturwiss. 43: 503-504.

PEASE, R. W. 1962. Factors causing seasonal forms in Ascia monuste (Lepidoptera). Science 137: 987-988.

SHAPIRO, A. M. 1968. Photoperiodic induction of vernal phenotype in Pieris pro- todice Boisduval & LeConte (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Wasmann J. Biol. 26: 137-149.

SUFFERT, F. 1924. Bestimmungfactoren des Zeichnungsmuster beim Saison-Dimor- phismus von Araschnia levana-prorsa. Biol. Zbl. 44: 173-188.

A PLASTIC RELAXING BOX FOR PINNED AND PAPERED SPECIMENS

ROBERT S. ROZMAN 9704 Belvedere Place, Silver Spring, Maryland

This relaxing chamber can be readily made by anyone with average mechanical ability for just a few dollars. The setup offers several ad- vantages over regular relaxing chambers. First, pinned specimens can be readily relaxed without the rapid rusting resulting from pins being stuck directly into wet sand. Second, envelopes are not in direct contact with the wet sand. Although specimens take slightly longer to relax, they do not become soaked and ruined. Third, the clear plastic enables one to observe the conditions of the specimens during relaxation without open- ing the box.

The box and lining strip are of clear plastic, such as Plexiglas, available from hobby shops in “46 inch thickness. Sections can be bonded together

82 JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY

LID

3/16"

SCREEN

RENO: IDEANE

BOTTOM SCREEN

OSS OSINCS NOD OD

CURVED EDGE

’ 33/16" : aot Nees <n Fig. 1. Details of relaxing box and rack.

with a cement such as Duco Cement which will fill up any spaces formed by irregular sawing techniques. This will form watertight joints. If all edges are made planar and properly perpendicular, a neater bond can be made by injecting acetone or other plastic solvents along the seams.

VoLUME 24, NuMBER 2 83

Details of the box are given in Figure 1. Of course, the dimensions may be changed as desired, as long as the resultant base is watertight. As can be seen, the beveled inner strip serves to hold the lid securely as in a regular insect box or drawer.

About % inch of wet sand is placed on the bottom and a teaspoonful or so of chlorocresol sprinkled over the sand to prevent mold (Tindale, 1961). A rack to hold the specimens is laid over this (Fig. 1). The frame, held together with Duco Cement, is made of polyurethane foam of the sort sold as Christmas decorations. The two screens are regular aluminum screening available at any hardware store. These are cemented to the top and center of the frame. In use pins are held upright by the two layers of screening or envelopes are laid over the frame.

I have been using this type of chamber and rack for some time now. Even fragile specimens don’t usually break. The original screening is still shiny, the plastic still clear and the seams still watertight. I have yet to get mold or infestation, even without prior fumigation.

Literature Cited

TINDALE, N. B. 1961. The chlorocresol method for field collecting. J. Lepid. Soc. 15: 195-197.

A REDESCRIPTION OF STRYMON BOREALIS LAFONTAINE! (LYCAENIDAE)

J. D. LAFONTAINE 916 Innswood Dr., Ottawa, Ont.

Satyrium boreale (Lafontaine) new combination Strymon borealis Lafontaine, 1969. Trail and Landscape 3: 151.

Upper surface of both sexes dark blackish-brown with no trace of an orange spot at the anal angle of the secondaries. Male stigma elliptical and light grey.

Undersurface of the male slightly lighter than upper surface. Postmedial band of primaries usually broken into three bands, separated by veins Ms and Cuz. Marginal side of the postmedial band lined with white; basal side with very little or no trace of white edging. Subterminal line of primaries usually reduced to only two spots between veins Mz and Cus. The anterior three and the posterior spots of the sub- terminal line present in falacer (Fig. 5) and caryaevorum (Fig. 6) usually completely absent; occasionally very faint traces of these spots visible; if so, the posterior spot with a trace of white only, never with any trace of black. Secondaries of the male

1 The name was inadvertently validated in Trail and Landscape. A _ redescription therefore seems appropriate.

84 JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY

Figs. 1-4. Satyrium boreale Lafontaine. 1, Underside of male lectotype. 2, Upper side of male lectotype. 3, Underside of female. 4, Upper side of female.

Fig. 5. Satyrium falacer (Godart), underside of male.

Fig. 6. Satyrium caryaevorum McDunnough, underside of male.

with postmedial band irregular as in falacer. Subterminal line usually reduced or absent above vein Mz.

Undersurface of female (Fig. 3) similar to male (Fig. 1). Postmedial band of primaries more usually separated into distinct spots than in male. Subterminal line not so reduced as in male but clearly reduced, especially so on posterior (sixth) spot of this line. Secondaries similar to those of male but subterminal line not so reduced.

Wingspread 25 to 29 mm.

Male genitalia (Fig. 7) like those of falacer except for shape of saccus. Saccus of boreale narrowing evenly throughout its length; that of falacer strongly constricted subbasally giving it the appearance of an inverted bell (Fig. 8).

Lectotype here designated: 4 Britannia Park, Ottawa, Ont., July 4, 1966, J. D. Latontaine. No. 11077 in the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa.

VoLUME 24, NUMBER 2 85

Fig. 7. Satyrium boreale Lafontaine, male genitalia. Fig. 8. Satyrium falacer (Godart), saccus of male genitalia.

This species can be separated from caryaevorum by the incomplete subterminal line and the much more obscure postmedial band. It is very similar to falacer but can be separated by the subterminal line of the primaries. A specimen of boreale which has a trace of all six subterminal spots can be separated from a specimen of falacer with an unusually re- duced subterminal line, by the posterior spot of this line. In falacer this spot has a trace of black but in boreale there is only a speck of white with

86 JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY

no black present. The subterminal line of the females of both species is better defined than in the males. The subterminal line in a boreale female is often almost as well defined as in a falacer male.

Boreale is usually collected on or around ash (Fraxinus), and Acer negundo L.

Distribution: S. Que. west to Mich., south through Ohio and Penn.

Acknowledgment

I wish to thank Dr. T. N. Freeman of the Entomology Research In- stitute, Canada Department of Agriculture, for his guidance in the prep- aration of this paper.

A NEW SPECIES OF CAMERARIA ON BUR OAK IN MANITOBA (GRACILLARIDAE)

T. N. FREEMAN

Entomology Research Institute, Canada Department of Agriculture, Ottawa

During the past few years some officers of the Forest Insect Survey of Canada, Department of Fisheries and Forestry, have been studying the biology of an undescribed species of Cameraria Chapman which is re- ported to be abundant on bur oak, Quercus macrocarpa Michx. in the vicinity of Winnipeg. The description of it is presented here to assist those officers in the publication of the results of their investigations.

Cameraria macrocarpae Freeman, new species

General. Antenna white, banded with dark fuscous dorsally. Face white. Tuft white with a few ochreous scales. Thorax golden dorsally and with a few white scales. Forewing shining golden ochreous with three, equally spaced, outwardly angulated, white, transverse fasciae; first at basal one-quarter, second near middle, and both margined outwardly below angle with black scales; the third at outer four-fifths margined with black scales throughout its length; a short, white, subapical, costal streak followed by an area of scattered black scales in middle of wing; fringe pale grey with a black basal line in tornal region. Hind wing light grey; fringe whitish. Abdomen pale ochreous. Legs whitish with small black patches outwardly. Wing- spread: 8.0-8.5 mm.

Male genitalia (Fig. 1). Uncus sub-triangular. Clasper clavate. Aedeagus clavate. Ventral flap sub-conical.

Type material, Holotype male, Bird’s Hill, Manitoba, 10 April 1968 (reared in laboratory). No. 11033 in the Canadian National Collection. Paratypes: one male, Bird's Hill, 13 March 1968; four males, one female, Bird’s Hill, 22 April 1969; one

ile, Bird’s Hill, 27 April 1969 (all reared in laboratory ).

VoLUME 24, NuMBER 2 87

Fig. 1. Male genitalia of Cameraria macrocarpae Freeman.

Mine. A large upperside blotch containing several larvae.

Flight period. Late July to late August.

Remarks. This species is allied to the Myrica feeding Cameraria pic- turatella (Braun) n. comb. It may be separated by the presence of three, transverse fasciae on the forewing as opposed to one fascia on that of picturatella.

88 JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY

CONSIDERATIONS SUR LE MALE D’ORNITHOPTERA ALLOTTEI ROTHSCHILD ET SUR LA PHYLOGENIE DES ORNITHOPTERES

F. Scamp Institut de la Recherche entomologique, K. W. Neatby Bldg., C.E.F., Ottawa, Canada

ABSTRACT

Ornithoptera allottei is a species that shows a large number of characters that are intermediate between priamus and victoriae. A detailed examination has showed that these species do not form a progressive sequence of unilinear specialisation as it might seem, but that priamus and victoriae have evolved in opposite directions, with allottei representing an intermediate and more primitive condition. An explanation is given of the gradual changes in wing patterns throughout Troides, Trogonoptera, Schoen- bergia and Ornithoptera. A new phyletic tree of the latter is presented.

Le male d’Ornithoptera allottei a été décrit de Bougainville (Archipel des Salomons) par Rothschild en 1914 (p. 275). En 1916, Niepelt en a figuré les deux sexes (a: 20, pl. 17, fig. 1-2), alors que Peebless et Sch- massmann, en 1917 (p. 426-427) en ont décrit la femelle en détail. Avec une courte note de Niepelt parue en 1916 (b: 31) et les considérations phyletiques de Zeuner (1943), cest-la toute la littérature qui a ete con- Saciee a cette espece.

A tort ou a raison, Ornithoptera (Orn.) allottei passe pour étre Pespece la plus rare du sous-genre et nous verrons dans les pages qui suivent quil présente un interet phylétique exceptionnel. J’ai eu recemment la bonne fortune d’en obtenir un ¢ provenant de Monoitu ( Bougainville ) et éclos en janvier 1969. Ce spécimen mesure 149 mm. d’envergure. Sur le dessus des ailes, la couleur métallique est bleu vert, assez terne, dans la moitié basale des ailes antérieures et la base et le centre des pos- térieures, alors que la moitié apicale de la bande radiale des antérieures et tout le pourtour externe des postérieures sont teintés d'un vert jaunatre assez vif. Le dessous est uniformément vert franc. Malheureusement, a léclosion, Taile antérieure gauche a été fortement endommagée et une abondante hémorragie a largement souillé les deux ailes antérieures. La figure 1 a donc été assez fortement retouchée. Je donne aussi un dessein des génitalia (fig. 8). Ceux de mon spécimen sont un peu différents de la figure 54 de Zeuner: les valves sont moins longues, la téte de la harpe non recourbée vers le bas et sa garniture d’épines hémicirculaire seulement.

Orn. allottei présente la particularité remarquable d’étre “presque ex- actement intermédiaire” entre priamus Linné et victoriae Gray. Le Pére

! On pourait y ajouter quelques considérations parues dans “Yadoriga”’ (47, 1966: 19-20; 57,

1969: 4—6) sur les prix fabuleux atteints par cette espéce aux ventes de l’Hotel Drouot, des col- lections Le Moult et Rousseau-Decelle.

VoLUME 24, NuMBER 2 89

‘ ,) SS

bs

Fig. 1. Ornithoptera allottei, male, légérement réduit.

Allotte qui l'a capturé le premier affirmait d ailleurs 4 Rothschild quil avait découvert un hybride entre ces deux especes. Mais lauteur anglais publia une note (in Peebless et Schmassmann 1917: 427) réfutant cette opinion, a cause de l’existence de deux males identiques.

Pour commencer, nous allons examiner en détail les caractéres extérieurs dallottei en les comparant a ceux des sous-espéces les plus primitives de priamus et de victoriae, respectivement priamus Linné et regis Rothschild. Nous verrons que le nombre des caractéres intermédiaires est étonnam- ment élevé et pourtant la liste qui suit est bien loin d’étre complete. I ny a que quatre caractéres communs avec priamus, 4, 23, 33 et peut-étre 25. Avec regis il y en a neuf, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 9, 16, 22 et 26, alors que tous les autres, soient non moins de 28 sont intermédiaires.

La premiere impression qui se dégage dune telle comparaison est que nous avons affaire a une série de trois especes présentant des caracteres graduellement accusés et spécialisés en une “orthogénese” approximative. De tels cas sont d’ailleurs fréquents chez les Insectes et méme la plupart d’entre eux compremnent en général un nombre plus grand dunites. J’en connais une belle série de huit espéces chez les Trichopteres. Mais dans le cas qui nous occupe ici, c’est le nombre des caractéres intermédiaires qui est etonnamment élevé.

Toutefois, il se pourrait que cette premiere impression, une série recti- ligne de trois espéces graduellement spécialisées, soit fallacieuse et que la

90

TABLE 1.

JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY

Caractéres comparés des Ornithoptera priamus, allottei et regis.

Caracteres du corps

1) Bordure post-ocu- laire blanche

Tache métallique du mésonotum

Pilosité rouge des pleures

Coloration de Yabdomen

Bandes latérales noires des premi- ers segments

Faces latérales des segments Ill a V

6)

Face dorsale des tergites III a VII

i)

8) Pleurites abdomi-

nales 9) Bord apical du Ville tergite et bord supérieur des valves

Forme des ailes

10) Ailes antérieures

Ailes postérieures

Bord apical des ailes postérieures

Echancrure de la cellule I

14) Pilosité de Vaire anale

priamus

présente

présente

presente

jaune vif

minces sur le premier segment

uniformément jaunes

uniformément jaune

jaunes sauf les stigmates noirs

étroitement noirs

priamus

en larges triangles rectangles

subcirculaires, a peine plus longues que larges fortement crénelé

a peine indiquée

longue, brun clair

Coloration du dessus des ailes

15) Bande radiale des antérieures

16) Bande cubitale

17) Bande anale

18) Coloration des

ailes antérieures

Coloration des ailes

19 )

posterieures

priamus

régulierement étroite et continue

occasionnellement presente

régulierement étroite et tres longue

verte, unicolore

verte, unicolore

allottei

absente absente absente jaune vif

larges sur les deux premiers segments

avec de petites taches noires

avec une zone décolorée

largement tachetées de noir

largement noirs

allottei

en triangles elliptiques, pas tres larges

1,5 fois plus longues que larges

faiblement crénelé

assez faible

longue, beige

allottei

évanescente sur sa moitié basale, un peu élargie sur sa moitié apicale

absente

assez large a sa base ou elle est unie a la bande radiale par un sablé métallique, puis inter- rompue et réduite a

deux nuages intermédians

légerement bicolore, moitié basale vert-bleu, moitié apicale vert-jaune

faiblement bicolore, vert-bleu au centre, vert-jaune au pourtour

regis

absente

absente

absente

blanc grisatre

larges sur les deux premiers segments

avec d’assez grandes taches noires

avec une zone rosée largement tachetées

de noir

largement noirs

regis

assez étroitement et régulierement elliptiques

2 fois plus longues que larges

, LZ non crénelé

tres nette

courte, blanchatre

regis

présente a l’extrémité de Vaile seulement, ot elle est tres large

absente assez courte mais

presque aussi large que Vaile

nettement bicolore, verte et vert-or

fortement bicolore, verte au centre, avec une bande apicale dorée

VoLUME 24, NuMBER 2

20)

21)

22.)

91

TABLE 1. Suwite. Coloration du dessus des ailes priamus allottei regis Base des ailes faiblement saupoudrée nettement sablée non noircie postérieures de noir de noir Taches discales grandes, circulaires réduites et peu nettes exceptionnellement noires occasionnellement présentes, nettes ou absentes non Cellule I des metallique noire noire postérieures Coloration du dessous des ailes priamus allottet regis

23)

28 ) 29)

30)

Taches discales noires des anterieures

Taches discales noires des posterieures

Taches submar- ginales dorées

Bord noir des

postérieures

Taches marginales noires de l’apex des M et Cu Tornus

Cellule et nervures qui en radient

Coloration générale

Nervulation

31)

32)

33)

34)

35 )

Cellule des antérieures

M3 et Cu des antérieures

Naissance de R3

Croissant androconial

Cellules des postérieures

Génitalia

36) 37)

38 ) 39) 40)

41)

Valves

Dents basales de la harpe

Forme de la harpe Col de la harpe Téte de la harpe

Position de J’ar- mature d’épines

en ligne réguliére dans les cellules II 4 VIII

six, grandes et nettes

assez souvent présentes fortement réduit

a peine indiquées

fortement jaune et noir

nettement bordées de noir

non meétallisée

priamus

ovale, plus de trois fois moins large que longue

longues et normalement espacées

de la périférie de la cellule

large, proche de la cellule

3 fois plus longue que large

priamus subcirculaires

deux, peu marquées

assez large pas indiqué

triangulaire, dirigée vers le haut

apicale

en ligne réguliere dans les cellules II a VIII

six plus petites et nettes

non signalées

disparu

en assez grands triangles faiblement jaune

cellule étroitement bordée de noir

faiblement métallisée

allottet aplatie 4 apex, 2,5 fois moins large que longue

plus courtes et un peu rapprochées

de la périférie de la cellule

plus étroit, a mi-chemin entre la cellule et le bord

3,5 fois plus longue que large

allottei légérement ovales

une, assez gréle

étroite peu marque

circulaire, dirigée vers env Varriere ou le bas

apicale et supérieure

en ligne irréguliere dans les cellules V

a VIII

1 a 4, exceptionnelle- ment présentes nettes ou non

presque toujours présentes

disparu

en grands rectangles

tres faiblement jauni

cellule a peine bordée de noir

fortement métallisée

regis

presque cordiforme, deux fois moins large que longue

trés courtes et rapprochées

de la base de R4 & 5

étroit, proche du bord de Vaile

4 fois plus longue que large

regis nettement ovales

une, effilée

étirée bien net

triangulaire, dirigée vers le bas

circulaire

92 JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY

situation soit plus complexe. En effet, allottei montre aussi des caracteres communs avec croesus Wallace, alexandrae Rothschild et les Schoenbergia, caractéres que l’on ne trouve pas chez priamus et regis. Avec croesus, al- lottei montre des ailes antérieures en triangles assez elliptiques, a bord ex- terne oblique et une bande anale trés courte. Avec alexandrae, allottei présente une bande radiale étroite et nuageuse sur sa moitié basale et dune couleur jaune-vert sur sa moitié apicale. La bande cubitale tres courte et la bande radiale tres étroite a sa base se retrouvent aussi chez Yensemble des Schoenbergia. Ceci suggere quallottei pourrait étre plus primitif que priamus et que victoriae.

Pour déterminer la position et le statut dallottei, nous allons tenter de reconstituer lévolution et la différenciation des especes constituant le sous-genre Ornithoptera. Pour ce faire, nous passerons d’abord succincte- ment en revue les sous-genres Troides, Trogonoptera et Schoenbergia, qui sont plus primitifs qu Ornithoptera. Cela nous permettra de nous faire une idée de ce quwétait ’ancétre de ce sous-genre, qui a son tour nous servira de point de depart pour reconstituer la phylogénie de la lignée a laquelle il a donné naissance.

Une telle étude nest pas la premiere qui ait été entreprise. En 1943, Zeuner (p. 147) a déja analysé la phylogénie de ces lignées. Mais il s’est place dans une perspective synchronique, cest-a-dire statique, position aujourd/hui dépassée. L’auteur anglais a cité les caractéres communs et les differences des diverses espéces, a évalué quantitativement leur im- portance relative et en a déduit lordre de différenciation des espéces, qu‘il & exprimeé en divisions arbitrairement quoique volontairement géométri- ques (Fig. 10). Nous allons essayer ici d’aller plus loin, en nous placant dans une perspective que la linguistique appelle diachronique. Nous ne verrons alors plus les caractéres comme des structures seulement, mais comme des signes et les résultats d’événements que nous tenterons de classer en séquences et en ordre successifs, d’ou apparaitront plus claire- ment les parentés relatives des espéces. Nous verrons alors que, quoique les raisonnements de Zeuner soient corrects et convaincants, il y a lieu d'effectuer des changements a son arbre phylétique. Ne connaissant pas encore la femelle de plusieurs espéces, jai été réduit 4 utiliser les carac- teres du male seulement, ce qui diminue malheureusement Ja valeur des speculations qui suivent.

=

Bi ee ee

| Nervulation des ailes antérieures de Orn. priamus, allottei et regis res- pectivement,

94 JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY

lig. 5, 6, 7. Nervulation des ailes postérieures de Orn. priamus, allottei et regis res- pectivement.

Troides apparait comme la lignée la plus primitive par beaucoup de caracteres qui ont été indiqués par Zeuner. Nous n’en retiendrons que peu. Les ailes ont une coupe primitive. Les antérieures sont noires et zébrées de longues lignes claires, nuageuses, situées dans les cellules et longeant les

Vouume: 24, NuMBER 2 95

nervures. Ces lignes soulignent simplement les nervures et leur ensemble ne forme pas de motifs. Les ailes postérieures sont largement jaunes translucides et montrent primitivement six taches discales noires. Les valve sont assez longuement ovales et la harpe bien allongée et avec une téte nettement indiquée.

Trogonoptera vient ensuite. Aux ailes antérieures, certaines des lignes claires du groupe précédent sont devenues vertes métalliques et sont groupées deux a deux pour former une série de dents triangulaires ré- gulieres, constituant un élégant motif submarginal se prolongeant en travers des ailes postérieures qui ont enticrement perdu les écailles jaunes trans- lucides. Les antérieures ont acquis une forme tres allongée, spécialisation propre a cette lignée. Les génitalia ne nous seront guere utiles, car ils sont spécialisés dans une direction tres particuliere: les valves sont plus hautes que longues et la harpe en rectangle concave dirigé vers le bas.

Parmis les Schoenbergia, goliath Oberthiir apparait comme Tlespece la plus archaique par lextension maximale de la zone jaune des ailes posté- rieures. La forme des ailes est primitive. La coloration des antérieures s est enrichie et consiste en une bande radiale, apparue soudainement, continue, mais tres mince a sa base et une large zone cubitale et anale en triangle rectangle. La premiere bande dérive certainement de la série de lignes claires que certains Troides et Trogonoptera possédent contre le bord costal, au niveau de lextrémité de la cellule. C’est pourquoi elle est primitivement plus large a cet endroit que plus antérieurement. Son bord interne profondément incisé de noir dans les cellules montre clairement que la zone cubito-anale dérive, par élargissement et coalescence, dune série de triangles submarginaux homologues de ceux des Trogonoptera. La cellule I des ailes postérieures est noire.

Les autres Schoenbergia montrent une spécialisation en commun: la large zone cubito-anale est maintenant plus ou moins completement scindée en deux, ce qui fait que les ailes antérieures sont ornées de trois bandes longitudinales: une radiale, compléte mais toujours fine ou évanes- cente a sa base, une cubitale en large triangle aux deux extrémités effilées et une anale courte et étroite. Les ailes postérieures ont l’aire jaune un peu réduite mais encore importante et la cellule I reste constamment noire. Les valves sont assez longuement ovales, caractere primitif et forment en général deux pointes apicales inférieures, structure spécialisée. La harpe est longue et mince, particularité primitive, mais étalée a sa base et tres gréle a son extrémité, deux indices de spécialisation. A sa base, elle est accompagnée de deux dents, structure primitive, qui sont devenues gréles et barbelées par spécialisation.

Zeuner indique que la seule différence constante entre les Schoenbergia

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Fig. 8. Valve et harpe de Orn. allottei.

et les Ornithoptera est la présence, chez ces derniers, d'un croissant an- droconial aux ailes antérieures. Je puis donc en ajouter un second, dail- leurs lié au premier: Schoenbergia possede une bande cubitale triangu- laire, beaucoup plus large que les deux autres et bien distincte, sauf chez goliath chez qui elle est encore fusionnée a la bande anale. Chez Orni- thoptera, en conséquence de lacquisition du croissant androconial, la bande cubitale est primitivement linéaire ou secondairement perdue. Des ailes antérieures trifasciées sont donc un caractére primitif pour Schoen- bergia et Ornithoptera. Il est remarquable que nous puissions suivre les changements progressifs et continus de la coloration des ailes antérieures depuis Troides jusque, nous le verrons 4 nouveau plus bas, chez priamus et victoriae probleme que n’a pas pu résoudre Zeuner (p. 134).

Ceci étant posé, nous avons suffisamment d’éléments pour reconstituer les caracteres de lancétre théorique d’Ornithoptera et en déduire la dif- férenciation des espeéces selon le tableau des pages qui précédent.

L’Ornithoptera ancestral théorique (1, fig. 9) posséde une bande post- oculaire blanche et de la pilosité rouge sur les pleures thoraciques. II est probablement dépourvu de bande métallique sur le mésonotum, car cette derniére nest présente que chez croesus et priamus, Ornithoptera moyen- nement spécialisés et chez paradisea et meridionalis qui sont les deux Schoenbergia les plus évolués. Ceci indique une spécialisation par conver- gence. L'abdomen est jaune vif, assez largement teinté de noir latérale- ment a sa base et sur les pleurites et probablement dépourvu de tache dorsale sur les segments III et IV. Le bord apical du VIIle tergite et le bord supérieur des valves sont largement bordés de noir.

VoLUME 24, NuMBER 2 97

Les ailes antérieures sont triangulaires et anguleuses et les postérieures subcirculaires, avec leur bord apical crénelé et nettement échancré dans la cellule I. La frange anale est longue.

La coloration du dessus des ailes antérieures est du méme type trifascié que celle des Schoenbergia. Mais, 4 cause du croissant androconial qui s étend en travers des cellules 2, 3 et 4, la bande cubitale est réduite 4 un mince liseré longeant le bord de la cellule et envoyant peut-étre des pro- longements le long de la base des nervures médianes et cubitales, comme chez lhecuba actuel. La bande radiale est étroite et trés fine ou absente a la base et la bande anale étroite et trés courte. La coloration est uniforme- ment verte.

Le dessus des ailes postérieures est toujours largement jaune translucide dans sa partie antérieure, avec quelques taches submarginales concolores et 5 taches discales noires. La couleur métallique est verte, mais la cellule I est noire et la base de laile peut étre sablée de noir.

Les dessins du dessous des ailes sont probablement fort semblables a ceux de la 2 de lydius. Les antérieures montrent une bordure marginale noire assez large et une série de taches discales confluentes en une ligne assez reguliere au milieu des cellules 2 4 8. Aux ailes postérieures, le bord est egalement margé de noir, les taches discales grandes, rondes et au nombre de six, le tornus teinté de jaune et peut-étre de noir et la cellule et les nervures médianes et cubitales bordées de noir. L’ensemble des deux ailes nest pas métallisé.

La cellule des ailes antérieures est relativement large, cest-a-dire en- viron 2,5 fois moins large que longue alors qu’aux ailes postérieures, elle est au moins 3,5 plus longue que large.

Les valves sont légérement ovales, la harpe assez gréle et bien allongée, avec un col et une téte faiblement indiqués et des épines en position apicale. Il y a deux dents basales assez longuement triangulaires.

Cet ancétre parait avoir donné naissance a deux formes représentant le début de deux directions d’évolution différentes: la lignée de croesus con- tenant ce dernier, aesacus et priamus et la lignée @allottei, comprenant en outre celui-ci, victoriae et alexandrae.

L’ancétre théorique 2 (fig. 9), progéniteur de la lignée de croesus a as- sez peu changé extérieurement, mais acquis de nombreuses spécialisations de détail. Le mésonotum est orné d'une bande métallique verte longitudi- nale. Aux ailes antérieures, la bande radiale s'est un peu renforcée: elle est étroite mais bien réguliere des sa base. La bande cubitale est présente mais linéaire et la bande anale toujours courte. Les ailes pos- térieures sont comme celles de lancétre I, avec Taire jaune translucide réduite et localisée 4 la moitié antérieure de l’aile, mais elles ont acquis une

98

priamus

rouge présente,

aesacus

croesus

cell. ant. étroite, cell. post. courte.

Bande anale longue,

couleur dorée. aire transluc. perdue.

Bande mésonotum présente, 2 bande radiale réguliére, es bande anale courte,

dire transluc, réduite,

en position antérieure,

cellule | post. métallique,

JOURNAL OF

Pilosité thoracique

cell. | post. métallique, deux dents 4 la harpe.

Bande radiale large, dire transluc. conservée,

THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY

victoriae

alexandrae

allottei

28 caractéres de plus en plus accusés

3, Bord post-oculaire perdu, pilosité thorac. rouge présente, ailes allongées, arrondies, bicolores, bande radiale mince a la base, bande anale tres courte, zone translucide perdue, cellule | post. noire, valves ovales, harpe avec téte et col bien marqués.

valves subdiscoidales, 1 4 A harpe en parallélogramme, “\ Bord post-oculaire présent, .deux dents basales réduites. Bille THenae, couse p<ecnne : :

Bande radiale présente, nines

bande cubitale en large

triangle,

Schoenbergia pas de croissant androconial,

post. largement translucides.

#

Troides

Trogonoptera

Ailes antérieures” lignées de blanc.

Ailes antérieures avec” série de triangles verts.

Fig. 9.

Ornithoptera

ailes triangulaires, vertes, unicolores, bande radiale mince a la base, bande cubitale linéaire,

bande anale courte,

croissant androconial présent, aire translucide présente, cellule ant. large,

cellule post. longue,

valves ovales, harpe avec téte et col un peu marqués, deux dents basales.

Arbre phylétique du sous-genre Ornithoptera. La divergence relative des

tiges indique les directions différencielles d’évolution. Les niveaux ot se situent les especes signifient trés approximativement les degrés relatifs de spécialisation de ces

derniéres.

VoLUME 24, NuMBER 2 99

importante spécialisation, la cellule I est entierement métallique en-dessus. La nervulation reste inchangée, avec la cellule des ailes antérieures assez large et celle des postérieures plutot courte. Les génitalia, par contre, sont assez modifiés: les valves sont subcirculaires, la harpe courte, assez massive, en forme de parallelogramme, avec un col et une téte 4 peine marqués. Les deux épines basales sont trés peu proéminentes.

Cet ancétre 2 a donné naissance aux trois especes actuelles croesus, aesacus et priamus, occupant des seuils de spécialisation fort inégaux. Croesus na acquis que peu de particularités nouvelles, mais ces dernieres sont telles que aspect de Tinsecte a beaucoup change. Les ailes anté- rieures se sont étirées vers l’extérieur en triangles assez obliques. La bande radiale sest considérablement élargie, la bande cubitale a enticrement dis- paru, alors que la bande anale a conservé son aspect primitif et reste courte, sauf chez certains individus chez qui elle se prolonge en une trainee sablée jusqu’a M1 (lydius berchmansii vd. Bergh). Le caractere le plus frappant est que la lumiére interférencielle primitivement bleue des aires métalliques, qui se combine avec le pigment jaune sous-jacent pour donner une couleur apparante verte, a viré au rouge et produit ce flamboiement orange qui a tant ému Wallace et valu son nom a lespece. Par conséquence, abdomen qui était primitivement jaune, a aussi viré a Yorange. Seule la bande du mésonotum reste verte.

Priamus est considérablement spécialisé et a acquis une série de parti- cularités qui pourraient faire figure de caractéres primitifs comparés a ceux dallottei et de victoriae, mais qui sont en réalité des spécialisations dans une direction d’évolution opposée. Les zones noires de la base de labdomen, des pleurites, du VIIle tergite et des valves sont nettement réduites. Les ailes antérieures sont en triangles rectangles, caractere primitif, mais le bord apical des postérieures est fortement crénelé. Sur le dessus, les bandes radiale et cubitale sont inchangées, mais la bande anale se prolonge de fagon continue tout le long du bord anal, jusqu’a l'apex de laile devenant remarquablement symétrique de la bande radiale, specialisation importante qu’on ne trouve que chez priamus et aesacus. Les ailes postérieures ont perdu la large zone jaune translucide, mais en ont retenu des traces, inconstamment présentes, sous forme de petites taches submarginales, dans l’aire sous-costale et les cellules III a VI. Les spéci- mens possédant ces taches ont recu des noms variés: triton Felder chez poseidon, flavomaculata Przegendza et Ribbe chez hecuba et urvilleanus respectivement et flavopunctata Rousseau-Decelle chez caelestis. La base de laile postérieure a tendance a se sabler de noir. Les dessins du dessous des ailes sont inchangés, de méme que les génitalia. Enfin, la cellule des

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ailes antérieures est nettement rétrécie et celle des postérieures raccourcie, spécialisation exclusive a priamus.

La différenciation des nombreuses sous-especes de priamus a ete bien étudiée par Zeuner (p. 138, 148). Je n’y reviens donc pas ici.

I] nvest difficile d’assigner une place précise a aesacus, car il nvest resté inconnu. Je puise donc les renseignements qui suivent chez Zeuner (p. 137, 149). Aesacus s’est probablement différencié dune forme voisine de croesus et occupe un seuil de spécialisation moins élevé que priamus, ce quindiquent clairement la cellule des ailes antérieures restée large et celle des postérieures toujours longue, comme chez croesus. La bande radiale des antérieures est large quoique moins que chez croeésus et la bande anale tres longue comme chez priamus. Aux ailes postérieures, la cellule I est métallisée. La coloration générale est bleu verte. Les valves sont subcirculaires et les dents basales de la harpe sont réduites, mais celle- ci est amincie a son extrémité et avec une armature spineuse apicale sub- circulaire comme dans la lignée d’allottei.

L’ancetre théorique 3 de la lignée d‘allottei (Fig. 9) montre peu de specialisations fondamentales a partir de Yancétre I, mais de nombreux changements de detail. Les bandes post-oculaires blanches sont perdues, mais la pilosité rouge des pleures thoraciques est conservée. L’abdomen est toujours jaune vif avec les zones noires basales et latérales bien dé- veloppées et sur les segments 3 et 4 apparait une ligne décolorée. Les ailes antérieures sont en triangles obliques comme chez croesus, avec leur angle apical postérieur arrondi. Les postérieures sallongent légérement et léchancrure de la cellule I s'approfondit. La coloration des antérieures est primitive, avec la bande radiale trés mince a la base de Ilaile, la bande cubitale toujours présente mais vestigiale et la bande anale courte. Aux ailes postérieures, la coloration du dessus a changé dans le méme sens que celle de priamus et ressemble beaucoup a celle de ce dernier. La zone basale, jaune translucide a entiérement disparu, mais les point submargi- naux de la méme couleur sont retenus. La cellule I est toujours noire. Aux deux ailes, la coloration bipartite apparait: a la partie apicale, le vert se teinte nettement de jaune. En dessous, la bordure marginale noire se réduit, mais le noir a tendance a remonter l’extrémité des nervures. Les taches discales sont légérement réduites et la couleur de fond